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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The 
to  th 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


D 


n 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couieur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


0 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couieur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  Mure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  o'e  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparcissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dt6  tilmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 

ORIGINAL  TITLE  PAGE  MISSING 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  kui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normaie  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

I      I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


The 
posa 
of  tl 
filmi 


Orig 

begi 

the 

sion 

othe 

first 

sion 

or  ill 


Pages  c6ccior£?s,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualitd  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~~Y  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


The 
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Map 
diffe 
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begi 
right 
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D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
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obtonir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  .':em  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ire 

details 
les  du 
modifier 
ler  une 
filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

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possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
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L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

University  of  Toronto  Library 


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plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film<^,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


§es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  ^»>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmec 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  6  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthade. 


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3 

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i. 


i.H  • 

I. 


1. 


University  Extension  Lectures 

Syllabus 
of  a 
Course  of  six  Lectures 
On 


ENGI.ISF  WRITF.FS  0^  THE  PRFSri:T  F.RA 


1.  Garlyle 

2.  Newman  . 


3.  Klngsley    5*  Lfatthew  Arnold   i 

4.  Ruskln      6.  Kipling         I 


t   -5 


by 


FRErERICK  HENRY  SYKES ,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 


:  I 


ii 


;  I 


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iv 


'ii 


'  i, 


■f 


I 


I.  Thomas  Oarlyle. 

"All  true  work  Is  sacred;  In  all  true  work,  even  but  true  hand-laboar, 
there  is  sonietblng  of  dlvlneness.  O  brotbcr,  If  this  is  not  worship,  then 
I  say  the  more  pity  for  worship,  for  this  Is  the  nobiept  thing  yet  discov- 
ered under  God's  sky.  Who  art  thou  who  corapiainest  of  thy  life  of  tollT 
Complain  not.  Look  up,  my  wearied  brother;  see  thy  fellow  workmen 
there  In  God's  eternity;  surviving  there,  they  alone  surviving;  sacred 
band  of  the  immortals,  celestial  body-guard  of  the  Empire  of  Mank'nd." 
—Thomas  Carlyle. 

Biographical  Details. — Tlionias  Carlyle  was  born  De'iember    4, 
179"),  ill  Ecclefechan,  Annandale,  first  son  of  James  Carlyle,  mason  and 
small  I'armer,  and  his  second  wife,  Janet  Aitken.     Carlyle  had  the  usual 
training  of  the  clever  Scotch  hoy— even  peasants'  son — a  start  at  home 
from  mother  and  father  in  reading  and  arithmetic,  the  village  scliool, 
Latin  under  the  eye  of  the  minister,  the  grammar  school  (Annan)  for 
some  Frenoli,  I^tin,  mathematics,  then  the  university.     Carlyle  went  up 
(walked)  to  Edinburgh  in  November,  1809,  expecting  in  the  end  to  enter  I 
the  ministry.     He  got  some  Latin,  Greek,  and  mathematics  at  college, 
but  he  was  not   remarked  except  among  his  associates,   to  whom  he 
seemed  a  second  Dean  Swift.     He  became  mathematical  tutor  nt  Annan,/ 
1814,  and  set  about  qualifying  for  the  ministry  by  preaching  two  sermons 
in  Edinburgh.     In  1816  he  went  to  Kirkcaldy  to  teach,  became  intimate 
there  with  Irving,  then  also  a  schoolmaster.     There  he  abandoned  his) 
orthodox  vinws  and  all  thoughts  of  the  ministry.     In  1819  he  l)egan  the 
study  of  law,  but  it  was  soon  given  up.     Dyspepsia  seized  on  him.     His 
"  three  most  miserable  years  "  follow ,  in  which  hackwork  and  tutoring 
keep  him  alive.    The  "spiritual  new  birth  "  described  in  Sarior,  is  an 
autobiographic  fragment  of  this  j)eriod.     His  study  of  German  revealed  to 
him  a  master  in  Goethe.     For  some  years  Carlyle  acted  as  tutor  to  Charles  I 
and  Arthur  Bullet,  which  took  him  to  London.      His  literary  work, 
passing  over  articles  for  encyclopedias  and  translations  of  Goethe's  Wil- 
helm  Meister  and  Legendre's  geometry,  was  fairly  begun  by  his  Life  of 
Schiller.     In  1826  Carlyle  married  J.-xne  Welsh,  "  the  flower  of  Hadding- 
ton", a  marriage  not  vithout  its  mutual  affection  and  happiness  and 
comradeship,  likewise  not  without  its  heartburnings  and  explosions  and 
human  discontent.     They  lived  at  Edinburgh,  then  at  Craigenputtock, 
1828  to  1834,  where  in  the  quiet  of  a  remote  counti/  bouse  Carlyle 
forged  his  intellect  to  its  best  uses.     Sartor  Reaartua  and  many  of  the 
essays  belong  to  this  period.    In  May,  1834,  he  went  to  London,  soon 
renting  No.  5  (now  24)  Cheyne  Row,  Chelsea,  his  abode  till  death.     The 
French  Revolution,  begun  there  the  year  of  his  arrival,  was  finished  in 
1837,  and  its  publication  marks  the  turn  of  the  tide  of  fortune,     His 

(3) 


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article!  were  accepted  in  magazines.  He  lectured  publicly,  the  moat  im- 
portant course  ( 1840)  being  published  as  Hero-  Wori^hi]).  Friends  gathered 
about  him— Stirling,  F.  D.  Maurice,  Tcnnj'son,  Macready,  Dickens, 
Thackeray.  His  interest  in  present  politics  in  criticjil  times  is  marked 
by  Chartism,  1839,  Past  and  Prcmit,  1843,  Laitcr-day  PanqyhlclH,  18o0. 
Meanwhile  five  years  of  work  h.ad  been  put  into  the  Life  and  Letters  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,  1845,  which  "established  his  position  as  a  leader  of  lit- 
erature." The  admirable  life  of  Stirling  belongs  to  1851.  In  1857  he 
entered  "the  valley  of  the  shadow  of  Frederick",  and  after  fourteen 
years  of  labour  mostly  spent  in  his  "sound-^'-oof ''  room,  Frederick  //.was 


completed  (i.,  ii. 


1858  ;  iii. 


1862  ;  IV., 


1864  ;  v.,  vi.,  1865).     Carlyle 


I  was  elected  rector  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  but  "  the  perfect  tri- 
umph "  of  his  recejition  was  almost  immediately  darkened  by  the  death 
of  his  wife,  April  21,  1866.  Carlyle's  final  years  were  clouded  by  this 
loss.  The  writing  of  his  reminiscences  and  the  preparation  of  the  Letters 
of  Jane  ]Vehh  Carlyle  were  the  last  works  of  his  hand.  His  death  was  on 
February  4,  1881.  He  was  buried,  according  to  his  wish,  in  the  kirk- 
yard  of  his  father  at  Ecclefechan. 

The  best  brief  article  on  Canyie  »  '"(p  Is  that  of  Sidney  Lee,  in  the  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography.  An  excellent  brief  account  of  the  man  and  his 
work  is  afforded  by  Dr.  Gatn&it's*^  Life  of  Thomas  Carlyle  ("Great  Writers'' 
series  :  London,  Walter  Scott);  John  Nichol's  Thomas  Carlyle  ("English 
Men  of  Letters"  serias);  Professor  Masson,  Carlyle  Personally  and  in  his 
Writings.  For  other  memoirs  by  "Wylie,  Conway,  NicoU,  Larkiu,  Shep- 
herd, etc.,  see  Anderson's  bi])liography  appended  to  Dr.  Garnett's  book. 
The  ultimate  sources  are  Carlyle's  lieminiseences ;  Fronde's  Tlwmas  Carlyle 
(first  40  years)  and  Thomas  Carlyle  (life  in  London);  Letters  and  Memorial 
of  Jane  Welsh  Carlyle ;  Correspondence  of  Carlyle  and  Emerson ;  his  Letters, 
edited  by  Professor  Norton.  Interesting  details  of  Carlyle  localities  are 
given  in  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Thomas  Carlyle,  "  Westminster  Gazette 
Library,"  and  The  Carlyles^  Chelsea  Home,  by  Reginald  Blunt. 

The  authorized  publishers  of  Carlyle  are  Chapman  and  Hall,  who  have 
his  chief  works  in  a  convenient  and  very  inexpensive  form.  Their  Cen- 
tenary edition  (New  York:  Scribners,  §1.25  per  vol.)  is  admirable. 
There  is  a  Bibliography  of  Carlyle,  by  R.  H.  Shepherd,  Loudon,  1881 ; 
see  also  Anderson,  alwve. 


Lecture. 

I.  Formative    Influences.     Ecclefechan,   the  E.itepfuhl  of    Sartor,   de- 
Bcribed.     The  Carlyles,    "fighting    masons    of   Ecclefechan";    shrewd 

'  University  Extension  students  would  do  well  to  procure  for  themselves  copies  of 
books  marked  **  and  possibly  those  marked  *.  The  rniversity  Extension  library  for 
this  eourso  will  contain  the  most  imi»rtaut  works  of  reference. 


V 


/   l< 


sense,  native  integrity  and  piety  of  Carlyle's  father;  sensitiveness  o( 
his  mother.  The  Scotch  family  life — i)elief  in  education,  hopes  and 
sacrifices  for  the  clever  son.  Ileliraic  Ciist  of  Scotch  Calvinism.  Carlyle 
owed  much  to  his  lather  and  to  Ecclefechan  both  in  his  powers  and  his 
limitations.  Debt  to  Goethe  and  Fichte.  Yet  he  made  himself.  Jlis"  fire- 
baptism  "  was  in  Loith  Walk  ;  the  forging  of  the  man  at  Craigenpnttock. 
Carlyle  united  many  gifts  in  strongly  accentuated  form :  an  intense  indi-\ 
viduality,  egoism,  bj  which  he  reached  a  fresh  Tiew  of  things  and  a  fresh  | 
style;  idealism,  yet  with  a  deep  sense  of  actuality,  which  emphasized  the 
deed  and  the  doer;  belief  in  the  divine  within  man  and  without;  hence, 
reverence  before  the  mysterious  universe  and  human  life;  keenness  of 
vision  and  marvellous  powers  of  expression;  humour  and  tenderness;  gro- 
tesqueness  growing  toward  coarseness;  rugged  strength  united  with 
fervid  poetic  imagination;  a  seer  rather  than  a  scholar;  narrowness  of 
sympathy,  especially  in  the  fine  arts;  'a  Calvinist  without  a  creed', 
standing  prophet-like  amidst  a  despised  civilization. 

II.  37tf  key  to  Carlyle's  nature  is  Sartor  liesarlun.  Faith,  duty,  God — the 
Puritan  ideal,  stript  of  its  theology.  Its  negative  side,  hatred  of  cant 
and  sham.  The  "clothes-philosophy  ".  Swift  and  Byron  compared  as 
sfvtirists  of  life.  Tlie  gospel  of  work ;  its  sacredness  and  dignity.  Car- 
lyle's love  of  actuality,  of  significant  fact,  illustrated  in  the  essays  on 
Burns,  Johnson,  Goethe.  Dry-as-dust  industry  in  search  of  such  fact,  in 
CromwclVs  Letters  and  Speeches,  and  imaginative  interpretation  of  it  in 
terms  of  life.  Vindication  of  Carlyle's  ethical  position  and  method  in 
his  rehabilitation  of  Cromwell.  Limitations  of  his  view  of  history  in 
French  Revolution.  Carlyle's  hero-worship:  make  the  divine  prevail. 
What  is  the  divine  within  man  and  without  ?  ' '  Tliis  world  is  built,  not 
on  falsehood  and  jargon,  but  on  truth  and  reason."  The  mission  of  the 
hero  in  human  affairs,  to  see  truth  and  proclaim  it.  Frederick.  Contrast 
with  the  mission  of  industrialism,  democracy,  and  the  ballot-box.  Chart- 
ism, Latter-day  Pamphlets.  Carlyle  and  the  Eternities  and  Immensities; 
his  transcendentalism.  Reverence  for  the  unseen  divine,  the  eternal 
background  of  this  little  transient  life. 

III.  Limitations  to  Carlyle's  vicio  of  life,  polities,  history.  His  £uritan 
ideal,  reliance  on  intuition,  subjective  prepossessions.  Inconsistencies  of 
preaching  and  practice.  His  historical  method  rejected  by  the  histo- 
rians, his  sociology  by  the  economists.  Do  these  limitations  vitiate  his 
position  as  the  greatest  intellectual  force  of  the  era  ?  "A  moral  force  of 
great  importance  "  (Goethe),  the  chief  stimulus  in  a  lethargic,  utilitarian 
age.  His  work  also  effective  through  others — Tennyson,  Euskin,  Kingsley. 

.  A  liberalizing  force,  a  solvent  of  dogma  and  conventions.  His  gospel  of 
duty,  work,  God,  sets  up  no  low  standard  of  living.  Literature,  however, 
claims  him  in  the  main. 


i 


i  ii 


V  ^ 


\  \ 


6 

IV.  Chnractrrldm  an  a  writer.  Kye  for  detail;  nnexopll  d  in  land- 
Boupe,  une<iuiilled  in  human  portraiture.  Force,  burning  and  impas- 
sioned as  the  prophet's  fire.  Humour  of  the  grotes(]ne  Swiftian  sort, 
from  the  depths  of  life.  Tenderness,  especially  in  simple  human  relation- 
ships. Sublimity  at  times.  Fervid  imagination;  faculty  of  imagery. 
Worliing  essentially  in  the  sphere  of  emotu)n,  Carlyle  is  one  of  the  great- 
est of  poets.  His  style  is  not  imitated  from  the  German  bat  in  the  main 
self-evolved.  Its  faults  of  mannerisms,  lack  of  restraint,  but  in  clarity, 
directness,  force,  a  wonderful  instrnment  of  genius,  an  image  of  the  man 
himself. 

Illmtratiom.  The  illustrations  of  the  lecture  will  include  scenes  of 
Carlyle's  boyhood,  Ecclefechau,  Annan,  etc. ;  l']dinburgh.  Craigenputtock, 
London,  5,  Cheyne  liow;  and  portraits  of  Carlyle,  his  wife,  and  his 
friends. 

Critical  Studies.  Criticism  of  Carlyle  is  voluminous.  The  following 
works  are  representative:.!,  li,  Lowell,  My  Study  Windows;  E.  \V.  Hamley, 
Tliomns  Carlyle,  an  Ennay  (Hlackwood,  1881);  David  IMassson,  Carlyle, 
Personally  a7id  in  tiis  Writings  (Macmillan,  1885);  Carlyle's  Ethics,  Leslie 
Stephen,  in  Hours  in  a  Library,  iii.  (Smith,  Elder,  1892) ;  Modern  Huvmn- 
ists,  J.  M.  Kobertson  (Swan  Konnens<!hein,  1891);  R.  H.  Hutton,  Modern 
Oiiides  of  English  Thought  (Macmillan,  1887);  Carlyle' s  Place  in  Literature, 
Frederic  Harrison,  Forum,  1895. 

SrunEKT  Work. 

The  following  are  representative  readings:  ** Sartor  Resartus;  Essays 
Burns  and  Characteristics;  Latter-I)ay  Pamphlets;  Life  of  Stirling;  French 
Pevolution,  Pt.  I  ("The  Bastille").  Excellent  cheap  editions  are  pub- 
lished by  Chapman,  Hall.  The  Athenajum  Press  edition  of  Sartor  is 
recommended  (Boston:  Ginn  and  Co.). 

The  University  Extension  examination  requires  candidates  to  prepare 
the  Sartor  and  any  other  one  of  the  selections  above. 

Essays  and  Studies:  (1)  Sketch  Carlyle's  boyhood  (cf.  Sartor  anu  Femi- 
niscenees).  (2)  "Blumine,"in  Sartor,  a  study  of  the  episode  and  its 
original.  (3)  Write  a  summary,  with  a  criticism,  of  Carlyle's  essay, 
Characteristics.  (4)  Summarize  and  coupare  Carlyle's  essay  on  Burns 
with  Mr.  Henley's.  (5)  Explain  and  illustrate  Cirlyle's  gospel  of  Hero- 
worship,  (6)  What  aspects  of  Carlyle  may  be  described  as  Liberal,  as 
Badical  ?  (7)  In  what  respects  was  Carlyle  anti-democratic  ?  (8)  Re- 
port briefly  Masson'a  lecture  on  Carlyle's  Creed.  {Carlyle  Personally  and  in 
hia  Writings,  Macmillan,  1885.)  (P)  "  77<e  French  Bevolution  is  usually, 
and  very  properly,  spoken  of  and  thought  of  as  a  prose  poem,  if  prose  poem 
there  can  be.  It  has  the  essential  character  of  an  epic,  short  of  rhythm 
and  versitication. " — Frederic  Harrison.     Put  forward  grounds  for  this 


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opinion.  (10)  Give,  with  brief  illnstrntlons,  th>.,  Bpecinl  characteristics 
of  Carlyle'a  flt.yle,  as  respectH  diction  and  struotnre  of  sentence.  (11) 
Studies  o.  Carlyle's  style  as  respects  (a)  Force,  (6)  Humour,  (c)  Tender- 
ness. (12,  A  study  ol'  the  cliaruuter  and  genius  of  Jane  Welsh 
Carlyle. 

Critical  Comments, 

In  General.  "  xowards  Kn^laiid  no  man  has  been  ond  done  like  you." 
— Stirling's  last  letter  to  Carlyle. 

Ah  Thinker.  "  As  a  thinker  lie  judges  by  intuition  instead  of  calcula- 
tion. In  history  he  tries  to  we  the  essential  facts  stripped  of  the  Kiosses 
of  pedants;  in  politics  to  reco^jnize  the  real  forces  marked  ])y  constitu- 
tional mechanism;  in  philosoiihy  to  hold  to  the  living  spiiit  untram- 
melled by  the  dead  letter." — Leslie  .Stephen,  Dkiionari/  of  National 
Biogriiphy,  ix.,  125. 

"A  teacher  without  grasp  even  of  his  own  teaching,  a  life-long  preacher 
of  contradictions,  a  propiiet  with  a  gospel  of  shreds  and  patches." — John 
M.  Kot)ertson,  Modern  JfiiiunnislK,  p.  22. 

fjffevt  of  his  Work.  "  The  merits  of  a  preacher  must  be  estimated 
rather  by  his  stimulus  to  thought  than  by  the  soundness  of  his  concla- 
sions.  Measured  by  such  a  test,  Carlyle  was  nnapproached  in  his  day. 
He  stirred  the  mass  of  readers  rather  by  antagonism  than  sympathy;  but 
his  intense  moral  convictions,  his  respect  for  realities,  and  his  imagina- 
tive grasp  of  historical  facts  give  unique  value  to  his  writings." — Leslie 
Stephen,  I)ivtion<iry  of  National  Biography,  ix.,  125. 

"He  may  be  the  greatest  mannerist  of  his  age  while  denouncing  con- 
ventionalism— the  greatest  talker  while  eulogizing  silence — the  most 
woeful  coiuplainer  while  glorifying  fortitude — the  most  uncertain  and 
stormy  in  mood  while  holding  forth  serenity  as  the  greatest  good  within 
the  reach  of  man;  but  he  has  none  the  less  infused  into  the  mind  of  the 
English  nation  sincerity,  earnestness,  healthfulness,  and  courage." — 
Harriet  Martineuu,  Autoluography,  i.,  387. 

As  Man  of  Letters.  "  If  his  position  as  the  greatest  English  man  of 
letters  of  the  century  in  prose  be  disputed,  it  will  generally  be  found 
that  the  opposition  is  due  to  .some  not  strictly  literary  cause,  while  it  is 
certain  that  any  competitor  who  is  set  up  can  be  dislodged  l)y  a  fervent 
and  well-ecjuipped  Carlylian  without  very  much  difficulty.  .  .  .  The 
diathc'n  is  there — the  general  disposition  toward  noble  and  high  things. 
The  expression  is  there — the  capacity  of  putting  what  is  felt  and  meant 
in  a  manner  always  contemptuous  of  mediocrity,  yet  seldom  disdainful 
of  common  sense.  To  speak  on  the  best  things  in  an  original  way,  in  a 
distinguished  .style,  is  the  privilege  of  the  elect  in  literature." — Saints- 
bury,  XIX  Century  Literature,  pp.  237,  240. 


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His  Slijli'.  "  Ife  confouiuls  nil  Htyles,  juniltlos  all  foiins,  heaps  tofjetlier 
Pagan  allusioiiH,  Hible  rtriiiiiiscencort,  (jliTiimn  ahstraoiioiiM,  U'lhuical 
tt;riiis,  jMH'tr.v,  slang,  nmtliiMnatics,  physiology,  archaic  words,  nualogii's. 
There  is  nothing  he  does  not  tread  down  and  ravage.  The  syninietrieal 
oonstruetioiis  of  human  art  and  thought,  disj)erHed  and  upset,  are  piled 
under  his  hands  into  a  vast  mass  of  shapeless  ruins,  from  the  top  of  wliicli 
he  gesticulates  and  lights  like  a  eomiueriug  savage." — Tnine,  Eitifimh 
Lilrntlnrr,  iv.,  291. 

"Of  Carlyle's  literary  genius  .  .  .  hia  supremacy  is  attested  liy  the 
fact  that  he  is  one  of  the  very  few  in  whosie  hands  language  is  wholly 
flexible  and  fusible.  .  .  .  Khelley  works  his  will  with  language  grace- 
fully, as  one  guides  a  spirited  steed:  Carlyle  with  convulsive  effort,  as 
one  hammers  a  red-hot  bar." — Kichard  Garnett,  Life  of  Thomas  Carlyle, 
p.  175. 


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n.    John  Henry,  Cardinal  Newman. 

"  Yet  Ihorc  is  otio  I  more  alVect 

Tlinii  Jesuit,  Ilerinlt,  Monk,  or  Friar, 
'TIs  nil  old  iniiii  of  sweet  lu^iii'M't, 
I  love  lilin  more,  I  more  adiulrc. . . 

He  comes,  by  grace  of  Ills  address, 

lly  the  sweet  imisic  of  Ills  face. 
And  his  low  tones  of  tctiderness, 

To  melt  a  noble,  stubborn  race." 

" Thou  didst  Impart 

Thy  lessons  of  the  hidden  life. 
And  discipline  of  heiirt." 

—John  Uenry  Newman,  from  i)oemson  St.  PhlUpNerl. 

BlOGBAPiiicAL  Detaii.s.— John  Henry  Newman  was  born  in  London, 
February  21,  1801,  eldest  son  ol"  John  Newman,  banker,  and  Jemima 
Fourdriuier,  daughter  of  a  Hugneuot  paper  manufacturer  of  London.  He 
went  to  school  at  Ealing,  read  with  pasHionate  interest  Scott,  the  Bible, 
Law's  Serioun  Call  and  Milner's  Church  Hktory.  Entered  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  gained  a  scholarship,  and  graduated  B.  A.  without  distinction 
in  1820.  Intended  for  the  Bur.  He  won  a  fellowship  at  Oriel  in  18-:22, 
"a  turning  point  in  his  life."  The  same  year  I'usey  was  elected  fellow 
ot  Oriel.  In  1824  Newman  became  curate  of  St.  Clement's  Church, 
Oxford.  Successive  appointments  mark  his  rising  influence — vice-prin- 
cipal of  St.  Alban's  Hall,  tutor  of  Oriel,  university  examiner,  vicar  of 
St.  Mary's  (the  university  church  of  Oxford).  His  first  real  work  was 
the  Arians  of  the  Fourth  Century,  published  in  1833.  Breaks  with  the 
Evangelical  party,  visits  Italy  and  Sicily  with  Hurrell  Froude — wrote  the 
poems  of  the  Lyra  Apostolka  (c.  «/.,  "  Lead,  kindly  Light ").  Keturning 
to  England  1833,  he  found  Liberalism  had  suppressed  ten  Irish  bishop- 
rics and  was  threatening  the  English  Church.  Keble  preached  the  sermon 
on  National  Apostasy,  and  a  movement  to  defend  the  Cliurch  was  begun. 
Newman,  Froude,  Palmer,  Perceval,  liose  were  its  chief  members.  In 
1835  Dr.  Pusey  joined  it  and  gave  it  status.  They  believed  in  Anglo- 
Catholicism.  Newman's  writings  from  1834  to  1839  were  expositions  of 
this  now  generally  accepted  view.  The  influence  of  his  sermons  and  writ- 
ings and  personality  was  supreme  in  Oxford.  In  1841,  publishing  the 
ninetieth  of  the  Tracts  for  the  Times,  he  aimed  to  show  that  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles  of  the  Prayer  Book  "  do  not  oppose  Catholic  teaching;  they  but 
partially  oppose  Roman  dogma;  they  for  the  most  part  oppode  the  domi- 

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nant  errors  of  Rome."  The  gathering  storm  burst.  Newman  withdrew  to 
his  Littlemore  monastery,  to  study  and  meditation.  In  1848  he  retracted 
his  hard  sayings  of  Kome,  in  1845  he  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  went  to  Oscott,  to  Rome,  whence  he  returned  to  found  in  England 
the  institute  of  the  Oratory  of  St.  Philip  Neri.  In  the  Oratory,  first  in 
Alcester  Street,  then  in  Edgbaston,  Birmingham,  he  spent  almost  all  the 
remaining  years  of  his  iife,  preaching  and  lecturing  and  writing  with 
wonderful  power.  In  1854-58  he  was  rector  of  the  Catholic  University 
in  Dublin,  which  did  not  live  (cf.  The  Idea  of  a  Universili/).  In  1859  he 
established  a  school  for  Roman  Catholic  hoys  at  Edgbaston.  In  1864 
began  the  controversy  v;ith  Charles  Kingsley  that  euf^ed  in  the  history  of 
his  re'.igious  opinions,  called  Apologia  pro  Vita  Sua,  a  work  which  showed 
an  entirely  sincere  and  admirable  character.  In  1874  he  had  the  con- 
troversy with  Gladstone  respecting  the  Vatican  Decrees  and  civil  alle- 
giance. In  1879  he  was  made  caidinal.  He  died  August  11,  1890,  and 
was  buried  in  the  burial  j/lace  of  the  Oratorians  at  Redual. 

A  brief  but  admirable  account  of  Newman's  life  is  written  by  W.  S. 
Lee  in  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  vol.  xl.  Short  monographs 
of  value  are  H.  J.  Jennings,  Cardinal  Newman:  the  Story  of  His  Life,  (Lon- 
don: Simpkin,  Marshall,  1882) ;W.  'MeyneW,  John  Henry  Newman,  (Lon- 
don: Kegan  Paul);  J.  S.  Fletcher,  ^4  Short  Life  of  Cardinal  Newman, 
(London:  Ward  and  Downey,  1890);  Jolin  Oldcastle,  Cardinal  Newman, 
(in  Merry  England,  October,  1890).  The  final  authorities  are  Newman's 
Apologia  2)ro  Vita  Sua  and  Letters  and  Correnpondenee,  ed.  by  Anne  Mozley. 

Newman's  works  are  publislied  in  a  popular  collecti  d  edition  in  thirty 
volumes,  London  and  New  York:  Longmans  (90  cents).  This  editiim  is 
recommended    for  students    of    prescribed  reading  below,  ** Apologia, 


**Poeins,  **' 


*Loss  and  Gain. 


Lecture. 


I.  Hcligious  Conditions  about  1830.  Reaction  from  the  Revolution 
meant  lethargy ;  luck  of  spirituality  everywhere  in  the  Church;  utilitari- 
anism in  ethics.  New  streams  of  life ;  the  Romantic  movement  in  li  terature 
e.cphasized  the  inner  lifb  (Wordsworth,  Byron)  and  loved  the  past 
(m.^disevalism  of  Scott,  Keats);  the  liberal  and  democratic  movement 
rft'  rmed  its  vitality,  giving  hope  of  a  new  era  by  means  of  political 
changes  (Reform  Bill,  1832).  One  aspect  of  this  liberal  movement  was  to 
secure  justiceibr  Roman  .Cathfllicg^agaitisttheEstabl  ishnientby  Catholic 
emancipation  and  the  suppreasion  of  superfluousTrisli  sees.  Science  was 
operating  against  tradition ;  the  founding  of  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  1832,  a  cause  of  dis(|uiet  in  the  Church.  Thus, 
out  of  fears  among  members  of  the  Establishment  concerning  science, 
democracy,  liberalism,  dissent,  arises  the  Oxford  Movement.  The  accept'"-! 


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starting  point  Keble's  sermon  on  National  Apostasy,  in  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Oxford,  July  14,  lf^33. 

II.  Navmnnlt  Peru  moJUy  and  Training.  Heredity  explains  little  save 
his  love  of  music.  Early  training  was  religious,  evangelical,  Le  knew  the 
Bible  by  heart,  was  superstitious,  i maginative|con verted,  in  the  evangel- 
ical school,  at  the  age  of  fifteen ;  early  devotion  of  himself  to  the  single  life. 
Oxford  brings  new  influence  frorii  Dr.  Hawkins,  the  Rev.  William  Jones, 
and  Dr.  Whately — each  giving  some  distinct  impress  on  his  principles  of 
religion — baptism,  tradition,  apostolic  suooeasion,  probability,  the  Church 
as  a  substantive,  not  an  abstract,  body.  His  evangelical  position  was 
abandoned.  Newman  as  preacher  in  the  University  Church  of  St.  Mary's 
was  the  greatest  force  and  most  fascinating  personality  of  his  time. 

III.  The  Men  of  the  Oxford  Movement:  Jjiaa.Kfihle.(  1792-1866)  gave  the 
poetry  and  spirituality;  Hurrell  Froude  (1803-1836)  the  strong  bent  to 
mediaeval  usages;  Edward  Bouverie  Pasey  (1800-1882),  the  learning  and 
prestige  of  the  movement;  Newman  was  its  apostle.  Aims:  to  oppose 
libprnlis^m  aiu^  nniiRprvpi  the  Churcb;  to  reassert  the  substantive  view  of 
the  Church,  its  custody  of  truth,  its  sacraments;  hence  the  new  term  of 
the  Anglo-Catholic  Church.  "  Newman  was  the  founder  of  the  Anglican 
C'aurchas  it  now  is." — {Tlie  Guardian.)  The  progress  of  the  movement 
viewed  in  Newman's  theological  positions.  The  momentous  scene  of  his 
conversion  to  the  Roman  communion  at  Littlemore,  1845,  Newman's  life 
at  the  Oratory  of  St.  Philip  Neri,  Edgbaston. 

IV.  Literary  Aitpceis  of  Kemnan's  Work.  Brief  statement  of  his  mind, 
beliefs  and  sympathies  :  supremacy  of  dogma,  subordination  to  his  own 
logic,  reactionary  view  of  modern  life.  His  interests  centre  in  aspects  of 
belief,  in  the  practical  forms  presented  by  the  times;  in  problems  of  the 
individual  soul  not  in  problems  of  society.  Illustrations  from  his  sermons. 
As  a  preacher  comparable  with  Bossuet.  Newman  had  the  power  of  vital 
treatment  of  theological  dogma,  as  in  Apologia  pro  Vita  Sua — "  the  drama 
of  a  soul;"  logic  is  here  invested  with  the  fascination  of  plot.  Style  lucid, 
leserved,  direct,  powerful — a  classic  style  among  English  prose  writers. 
Newman's  serious  poetry  is  almost  entirely  religious.  It  has  manifest 
limitations  in  scope  and  rhythm  and  imagery  compared  with  Miss 
Kossetti's  religious  verse;  Tlie  Pillar  of  the  Cloud  ("  Lead,  kindly  Light") 
an  ex(  cption.  The  Dream  of  Gerontius  his  chief  effort  as  a  poet.  Consider- 
ation of  his  tales  Loss  and  Gain  and  Callista;  intrusion  of  the  didactic 
purpose;  faults  of  construction;  the  theologian's  view  of  life.  Newman 
is  not  a  great  man  of  letters,  either  as  poet,  essayist,  or  novelist;  his  great- 
ness lies  in  his  practical  life,  in  his  personality  as  a  spiritual  leader, 
walking  before  God  and  following  unswervingly  the  truth  as  he  saw  it. 

Illustrations.  The  illustrations  will  present  the  chief  places  with  which 
Newman  was  associated:  Oxford — Trinity  College  and  Oriel  College,  St. 


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Mary's,  etc.;  Littlemore— Church  and  fiov/r,  Birmingham— the  Oratory, 
Edgbaston,  etc.;  as  well  as  portraits  of  Newman  and  his  associates  in 
the  Oxford  Movement. 

In  {iddition  to  the  biographical  studies  cited  above  the  following  books 
and  essays  are  of  chief  value.  Church,  Oxford  Movement;  Oakeley,  Notes 
on  the  Traciarian  Movement;  Fronde,  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects,  Fourth 
Series;  Joseph  Jacobs,  George  Eliot,  Matthew  Arnold,  Browning,  Newman; 
A.  Birrell,  Scribner's,  vol.  3;  C.  K.  Paul,  Century,  vol.  2;  W.  S.  Lilly,  Fort- 
nightly, vols.  32,  64;  H.  Goodwin,  Contemporary,  vol.  61;  W.  Meynell, 
lb.,  vol.  58;  portraits  in  Art  Journal,  vol.  43,  (1891)  ;  L.  E.  Gates.  Tliree 
Studies  in  Literature  (Macmillan), 

Student  Wokk. 

Nevraian  can  be  bestapproiiched  through  his  **.4poZosfja,  which  is  an  ad- 
mirable key  to  his  life  and  his  beliefs,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  autobiographies.  The  same  theme  is  the  basis  of  the  tale  *Lok8 
and  Gain,  if  one  prefers  the  popular  and  weaker  exposition.  For  a 
notion  of  his  sermons  read  a  few  of  the  Parochial  Sermons;  Professor 
Saintsbury  singles  out  Tlie  Individuality  of  the  Soul  (vol,  iv.  No.  6),  for 
especial  praise.  The  *Jdea  of  a  University  is  his  most  representative  vol- 
ume of  a  literary  historical  kind.  Newman's  poetry  is  on  the  whole  of 
slight  extent.  **The  poems  on  St.  Philip  Neri,  Pillar  of  the  Cloud,  Dream 
of  Geroniius  are  representative.  **Callisia  should  be  read  as  Newman  o 
best  venture  into  pure  prose  literature. 

The  best  edition  of  these  for  students'  purposes  is  that  of  Longmans 
mentioned  above. 

The  University  Extension  examination  on  this  course  will  confine 
questions  on  Newman  to  the  parts  marked  **. 

Essays  and  Studies.  The  following  themes  are  suggested  for  essays, 
studies,  or  reports:  (1)  Newu-an's  conception  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 
(2)  Newman's  position  as  the  opponent  of  liberalism.  (3)  Newman  as  a 
preacher.  (4)  Analysif -^f  Loss  and  Gain,  Is  it  a  tale?  (5)  A  study  of 
lite  Pillar  of  the  Cloud'  its  composition,  purport,  and  poetic  value.  (6)  A 
study  of  77(0  Drca''r.  of  Gcrontius.  (7)  A  study  of  the  characters  Agel- 
lius  and  Callista.  (8)  A  c  mparison  of  Newman  and  Kingsley,  based  on 
Callista  and  Ilypatia. 

Critical  Comments. 

The  Man.  "  He  was  above  middle  height,  slight  and  spare.  His 
head  was  large,  his  face  remarkably  like  that  of  Julius  Cajsar.  The  fore- 
head, the  shape  of  the  ears  and  nose  were  almost  the  same.  The  lines  of 
the  mouth  were  very  peculiar,  and  I  should  say  exactly  the  same.  In 
both  men  there  was  an  original  force  of  character,  which  refused  to  be 
moulded  by  circumstances,  which  was  to  make  its  way,  and  become  a 


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po^er  in  the  world;  a  clearness  of  intellectual  perception,  a  disdain  (or 
conventionalities,  a  temper  imperious  and  wilfnl,  but  along  with  it  a 
most  attaching  gentleness,  sweetness,  singleness  of  heart  and  purpose. 
Both  were  formed  by  nature  to  command  others;  both  had  the  faculty  of 
attracting  to  themselves  the  passionate  devotion  of  their  friends  and  fol- 
lowers."— J.  A.  Froude,  "The  Oxford  Counter-Reformation,"  S?iort 
Studies  on  Great  Subjects,  Fourth  Series,  p.  192. 

His  J/miott.  "  A  shy  Oxford  student  has  come  out  on  its  behalf  [of  "a 
dying  creed  "]  into  the  field  of  controversy,  armed  with  the  keenest 
weapons  of  modern  learning  and  philosophy;  and  wins  illustrious  con- 
verts, and  has  kindled  hopes  that  England  herself,  the  England  of  Eliza- 
beth and  Cromwell,  will  kneel  for  absolution  again  before  the  Father  of 
Christendom.'' — Froude,  ib.,  p.  190. 

"His  history  ....  is  the  history  of  the  famous  thing  called  the 
Oxford  Movement,  which  changed  the  intellectual  as  well  as  the  ecclesi- 
astical face  of  England." — Saintsbury,  XIX.  Century  Literature,  p.  365. 

The  Preacher.  "  There  are  hardly  any  passages  in  English  literature 
which  have  exceeded  in  beauty  the  descriptions  of  music,  in  his  Univer- 
sity sermons;  the  descriptions  of  the  sorrows  of  human  life  in  his  sermon 
on  the  pool  of  Bethesda;  the  description  of  Elijah  on  Mount  Horeb;  or, 
again,  in  the  discourses  addressed  to  mixed  congregations:  '  The  Arrival 
of  St.  Peter  as  a  Missionary  in  Rome;'  the  description  of  Dives  as  an  ex- 
ample of  a  self-indulgent  voluptuary;  the  account  of  the  Agony  in  the 
Garden  of  Gethsemanc,  and  of  the  growth  in  the  belief  in  the  Assumption 
of  the  Virgin  Mary." — Dean  Stanley. 

Literary  Aspects.  "  What  Father  Newman  did  in  life  and  letters  is  of 
quite  subordinate  interest  to  the  spiritual  career  of  the  Fellow  of  Oriel. 

His  true  sphere  was  in  action,  not  in  thought  or  literature He 

was  born  to  lead  men It  was  by  personal  intercourse  that  he 

sought  to  move  the  world,  and  did  move  it He  did  influence 

the(  ir)  actions  [of  men] ,  but,  as  a  consequence,  most  of  what  he  wrote 
has  in  reality  died  with  its  practical  effect,  and  of  his  forty  volumes  but 
a  few  sermons,  '  Lead,  kindly  Light ' — the  one  hymn  of  our  language — 
the  Apologia,  and~perhap8~7^j3ea  of  a  University,  will  form  permanent 
additions  to  English  literature." — Jacobs,  George  Eliot,  etc. 


I  ill 


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in.    Charles  Kingsley. 


i       !! 


"Forward!    Hark,  forward's  the  cry! 
One  more  fence  and  we're  out  on  the  open, 
So  to  us  at  once,  If  you  want  to  live  near  us! 
Hark  to  them,  ride  to  them,  beauties!  as  on  they  go, 
Leaping  and  sweeping  away  In  the  vale  below! 
Cowards  and  bunglers,  whose  heart  or  whose  eye  Is  Slow, 
Find  themselves  staring  alone. 

So  the  great  cause  flashes  by; 

Nearer  and  clearer  Its  purposes  open, 

While  louder  and  prouder  the  world-echoes  cheer  us: 

Gentlemen  sportsmen,  you  ought  to  live  up  to  us. 

Lead  us  and  lift  us,  and  hallo  our  game  to  us— 

We  cannot  call  the  hounds  off,  and  no  shame  to  us. 

Don't  be  left  staring  alone!" 

—Charles  Kingsley. 

Biographical  Details.— Charles  Kingsley  was  born  June  12,  1819, 
at  Koine,  Devon.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley, 
successively  curate  in  the  Fens,  at  Holne,  Burton-on-Trent,  and  Clifton, 
Notts.,  and  rector  of  Barnack,  Clovelly,  and  St.  Luke's,  Chelsea.  His 
mother,  born  in  Barbados,  was  daughter  of  Nathan  Lucas.  Kingsley's 
younger  brothers  achieved  fame — George  Henry  as  a  physician  and  trav- 
eller, Henry  as  a  novelist.  Kingsley  was  educated  at  Clifton  (near  Bris- 
tol) and  Helston,  Cornwall,  then  at  King's  College,  London,  and  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge.  He  met  his  future  wife,  Fanny  Grenfell,  on 
July  6, 1830,  "my  real  wedding-day."  He  came  under  the  influence  of 
the  writings  of  Coleridge,  Carlyle,  F.  D.  Maurice.  In  1842  he  took  his  B. 
A.,  was  ordained,  and  becamecurate  at  Eversley,  Hampshire.  Curate  of 
Pimperne.  Married,  1844.  Vicar  of  Eversley,  1844  ;  an  indefatigable 
parish  worker.  He  published  The  SainV a  Tragedy,  1848,  Joined  Maurice, 
Hugh&s,  Ludlow,  and  others  in  founding  the  Christian  Socialist  move- 
ment; wrote  papers  in  roJitic>>  for  the  People,  1848,  under  the  signature  of 
"Parson  Lot,"  and  in  the  Christian  Soeinlist,  1850.  The  novels.  Yeast, 
1848,  and  Alton  Locke,  185(1,  belong  to  the  same  period  of  social  ferment. 
His  views  unpopular.  Lectured  for  a  short  time  in  English  in  Queen's 
College,  London.  In  1853  he  published  Hypatia.  Visiting  Torquay,  his 
love  of  natural  history  led  him  to  compose  the  articles  later  called 
Glaucus;  at  Bideford  he  wrote  his  fourth  novol,  Westward  Ho!,  1855.  His 
fifth  novel.  Two  Years  Ago,  appeared  in  1857.  Appointed  one  of  the 
Queen's  chaplains,  1859.  Lectured  on  Modern  History  in  Cambridge, 
1860-69.  Water  Babies,  18G3.  Controversy  with  Newman,  1864.  Health 
henceforth  impaired.     Helped  in  the  movement  for  national  schools. 

(14) 


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Herexmrd  the  Wake,  1866,  is  a  novel  of  the  Fen  country  he  loved.  At 
Last,  1870,  is  descriptive  of  his  voyage  to  the  West  Indies.  Canon  of 
Chester,  1869;  canon  of  Westminster,  1873.  Visited  America,  and,  of 
course,  lectured,  1874.  Died  January  23,  1875;  was  buried  at  Evereley. 
The  authoritative  life  of  Kingsley  is  Charles  Kingslcy:  His  J  dters  and 
Memories  of  Hin  Life.  (Edited  by  his  wife.  Two  vols.  Loudon:  H.  S. 
King,  1877).  An  abbreviated  edition  of  this  is  published  in  one  volume 
(6s.).  The  article  on  Kingsley  in  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography 
gives  the  main  iacts  in  concise  form.  There  are  various  memoirs:  by 
Thomas  Hughes,  prefixed  to  Alton  Locke,  ed.  1881,  (Macmillan);  by  Dr. 
Tligg,  ■prefixed  to  3Iodcrn  Anglican  Tlieology,  3i\  ed.,  (London:  Wesleyan 
Conference  OCQce) ;  by  the  Rev.  J.  J.  Ellis,  Charles  Kingsley,  (London: 
Nisbet  and  Co.). 

Lectuee. 

I.  Formative  Lifluences.  (1)  Heredity — Kingsleys  of  Kingsley  Vale, 
anoestry  of  soldiers  and  sailors;  mother  a  descendant  of  Sir  Richard  Gren- 
ville;  (2)  natural  scenery  of  Devon  and  the  Fens;  intercourse  with  Devon 
fishermen;  (3)  influence  of  Carlyle  and  Maurice;  (4)  the  times — social 
unrest,  Chartism,  religious  change;  (5)  his  religious  "training,  practical 
ethical  bent.  Summary  of  his  personal  characteristics:  physical  strength, 
delight  in  out-of-door  life,  love  of  nature  as  poet  and  artist  and  scientist; 
chivalrous  devotion  to  woman;  impulsive,  generous,  disinterested,  rest- 
less, over-energetic;  "devout,  truthful,  tender,  brave,  a  God-fearing, 
Christ-loving,  perfectly  humane,  whole  reality  of  a  man." — (Dr.  Rigg.) 

II.  The  Versatility  of  Kingsley.  Clergyman,  economist,  novelist,  scien- 
tist, historian,  poet,  siwrtsman.  The  consequent  mediocrity  of  much  of 
his  work.  Religious  and  political  views.  Christianity  "  the  only  demo- 
cratic creed."  "Muscular  Christianity."  The  attempt  of  Maurice, 
Hughes,  Kingsley  and  others  to  Christianize  socialism ;  co-operation  not 
competition  their  watchword.  Kingsley  as  preacher  of  the  practical 
duties  of  humanity:  sanitary  reform,  parliamentary  refonn  (Chartism), 
social  refonn.  His  fiery  indignation  at  the  waste  of  life  in  modem  civili- 
zation. Expression  of  his  views  in  Yeast,  Alton  Locke,  Two  Years  Ago. 
Influence  of  Kingsley 's  work  on  movements  of  tx)-day. 

III.  Treatment  of  Nature.  Love  of  out-of-doors.  Fishing,  botany, 
mineralogy ;  keen  eye  for  colour  and  form  in  detail.  Hence  the  descrip- 
tions of  hunting  scenes  and  the  natural  beauty  of  Devon  and  the  Fens 
in  Prose  Idylls  and  in  Hereward  the  Wake  and  other  novels.  Love  of  chil- 
dren in  Water  Bahies. 

IV.  Of  Life.  Versatility  limited  Kingsley's  greatness  in  every  particular 
aspect  of  his  genius.  Position  as  a  novel-writer,  second  only  to  the 
greatest.     Didacticism  the  chief  flaw;  instances  in  .4Won  Locfce  and  Two 


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Yeaffi  Ago.  Ycnxt,  formless  and  chaotic,  is  the  book  of  the  time.  Hypatia 
and  Westward  Ho!  best  satisfy  the  demands  of  art.  Kiugsley  is  always 
efTectiN'e  in  his  treatment  of  nature  and  scenes  of  action.  His  work  offers 
many  illustrations  of  the  true  relations  of  man  and  woman.  Aa  ideal 
hero  in  Amyas  Leigh.  Kingsley's  nature  on  the  whole  is  poetic;  in  some 
poems  he  has  touched  chords  scarcely  les-i  passionately  and  less  sweetly 
than  Burns  and  Tennyson. 

The  Illuslratio)is  to  this  lecture  will  show  the  chief  places  a.s.«ociated 
with  Kingsley's  life  in  childhood  and  manhood;  Cornish  and  Devon 
scenes;  Cambridge  and  the  Fen  country;  Chester  and  the  Dee;  Eversiey 
and  Westminster  Abbey. 

Critknl  Studies.  Kingsley's  theological  position  is  discussed  by  Dr. 
Rigg  in  Modern  Anglican  Tlicology,  his  social  theories  by  the  Rev.  M. 
Kaufmann,  Charles  Kingsley:  Christian  Socialist  and  Social  lieformer.  (Lon- 
don: Mcthuen  and  Co.,  1892);  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  C.  W.  Stui)bs,  Charles 
Kingsley  and  the  Christian  Social  ilovcinent  (London:  Blackie  and  Son). 
Seealso  Thomas  Hughes,  The  Christian  Socialists  of  1S4S,  in  the  Economic 
Review,  October,  1893,  and  Vida  Scudder,  Sociul  Ideals  in  English  Letters 
(Boston:  Houghton,  Mifllia  and  Co.). 

General  essays  more  especially  concerned  with  Kingsley  as  writer  are  by : 
Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  vi  a  Library,  vol.  iii,  "Charles  Kingsley" 
(London:  Smith,  Elder  and  Co. );  Frederic  Harrison,  in  the  Forum,  July, 
1895. 

A  complete  edition  of  Kingsley's  works  is  issued  by  the  Macraillan 
Company  in  twenty-nine  volumes  (90  cents  per  volume).  Tlie  same  pub- 
lishers issue  cheaper  editions.  The  following  are  the  cheaper  forms  of 
the  representative  works:  **rocms  imd**  Water  Babies,  Pocket  ed.  (57 
cents),  Novels,  American  ed.  (70  cents).  All  of  the  novels  can  also  be 
had  in  the  Pocket  edition  for  57  cents  per  volume.  Westward  Ho!  and  Two 
Years  Ago  each  being  published  in  two  volumes.  There  are  many  paper 
editions  at  even  smaller  prices.  The  English**  6d.  (paper),  Is.  (bound) 
edition  is  admirable  (Maomillan). 

Student  Work. 

Readings.  The  representative  literary  works  of  Kingsley  are:  1.  (a) 
Social  Novels:  Yeast  and  Alton  I^ocke;  (b)  Two  Years  Ago;  (c)  Histoiical 
Novels:  Hypatia  and  Westward  Ho!  2.  Water  Babies.  3.  Poems — 
Andromeda,  "Oh,  that  we  two  were  Maying''  (in  Hie  Saint'.-t  Tragedy), 
A  Rough  Rhyme  on  a  Rough  flatter  (in  Yeast),  Tlic  Sands  of  Dee,  The  Three 
Fishers,  Ode  to  the  North- East  Wind,  Young  and  Old  (in  Water  Babies),  Bal- 
lad, "Lorraine,  Lorraine,  Lorr^e." 

Students  reading  for  the  University  Extension  examination  in  this 
course  are  required  to  prepare  at  least  one  novel,  Water  Babies,  and  the 


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selected  poems.    They  will  familiarize  themselves  as  well  with  the  broad 
oatliues  of  Kingsley's  lil'e. 

Tlwmfsfor  Esmvjh  and  Studies.  (1)  Kinjjsley's  position  toward  Chartism 
as  expressed  iu  Alton  Locke.  (2)  The  meanium  of  Christian  Socialism  as 
used  liy  Maurice,  lluyhes,  ami  Kingsley.  (3)  Kin^slty'a  interest  in  sci- 
ence as  shown  in  7\ro  Ycnrs  Ago.  (4)  Kingsley's  descriptions  of  Nature 
(  Vcant,  ]Vciitward  Ho!  and  Prose  Idylls).  (5)  An  appreciation  of  Water 
Baltics,  bringing  out  any  characteristics  of  Kingsley  contained  in  it. 
(6)  Studies  of  Kingsley's  men:  Lancelot  Smith,  Tregarva,  Alton  Locke, 
Sandy  Mackaye,  Philammon,  Raphael  Aben-Ezra,  Aniyas  Leigh,  Elsley 
\  ava«our,  Tom  Thurnall,  llereward.  (7)  Studies  of  Kingsley's  women: 
Argemone  Lavington,  Eleanor  Staunton,  Ilypatia,  Pelagia,  Mrs.  Leigh, 
Lnci:i  Vavasour,  Torfrida,  Alftruda.  (8)  Studies  in  Kingsley's  poetry: 
Kingsley's  Songs  ;  Andromeda.  (9)  Kingsley's  philosophy  iu  My  Winter- 
Garden  {Prose  Idylls). 

Critical  Commexts. 

Tlie  ?ftin.  "  His  whole  life  flashed  through  one's  thoughts.  One 
remembered  the  young  Curate  and  the  Saint's  Tragedy;  the  Chartist  par- 
son and  Alton  Locke;  the  hapiy  poet  and  the  Sands  of  Dee;  the  brilliant 
novel-writer  and  Ilypatia  end  Westward  Ho!;  the  Rector  of  Evers- 
ley  and  his  V'.'lage  Sermons;  the  beloved  professor  at  Cambridge,  the 
busy  Canon  at  Chester,  the  powerful  preacher  at  Westminster  Abbey. 
One  thought  of  him  by  the  Berkshire  chalk  streams,  and  on  the  Devonian 
coast,  watching  the  beauty  and  wisdom  of  Nature,  reading  her  sulemn 
lessons,  chuckling,  too,  over  her  inimitable  fun.  One  saw  him  in  town- 
alleys,  preaching  the  Gospel  of  godliness  and  cleanliness,  while  smoking 
his  pipe  with  soldiers  and  navvies.  One  heard  him  in  drawing-rooms, 
listened  to  with  patient  silence  till  one  of  his  vigorous  or  quaint  speeches 
bounded  forth  never  to  be  forgotten.  How  children  delighted  in  him! 
How  wild  young  men  believed  in  him  and  obeyed  him,  too!  How  women 
were  captivated  by  his  chivalry,  older  men  by  his  genuine  humility  and 
sympathy." — F.  Max  Miiller,  in  Letters  and  Memories,  ii,  460  f. 

The  Teacher.  "  Scholar,  poet,  novelist,  he  yet  felt  himself  to  be,  with 
all  and  before  all,  a  spiritual  teacher  and  guide.  .  .  .  Amidst  all  the 
wavering  inconsistency  of  our  time,  he  called  upon  the  men  of  his  gen- 
eration with  a  steadfastness  and  assured  conviction  that  of  itself  steadied 
and  reassured  the  minds  of  those  for  whom  he  spoke,  to  '  stand  fast  in 
the  faith.*  " — A.  P.  Stanley,  Funeral  Sermon,  Westminster  Abbey,  Jan- 
uary 31,  1875. 

Tlic  Socialist  ' '  Kingsley's  sentiment  was  thoroughly  in  harmony  with 
the  class  of  squires  and  country  clergymen,  who  required  in  his  opinion 
to  be  roused  to  their  duties,  not  deprived  of  their  privileges.     He  there- 


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fore  did  not  sympathise  witli  the  truly  revolutionary  movement,  but 
looked  for  a  icmedy  of  admitted  evils  to  the  promotion  of  co-operation, 
and  to  sound  sanitary  legislation.  .  .  .  He  strove  above  all  to  direct 
popular  aspiratious  l)y  Christian  principles,  which  alone,  he  held,  could 
produce  true  liberty  and  equality." — Leslie  Stephen,  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,  vol.  x.xxi. 

The  Novelist,  "  No  romances,  except  Thackeray's,  have  tlie  same  glow 
of  style  in  such  profusion  and  variety  as  Charles  Kingsley's — and  Thack- 
eray himself  was  uo  such  poet  of  natural  beauty  as  Charles  Kingsley."  — 
Frederic  Harrison,  Forum,  1895. 

The  Poet.  "  '  The  Anaromed"i '  is  in  every  way  admirable.  It  is  prob- 
ably the  most  successful  atti  uipt  in  the  language  to  grapple  with  the 
technical  difficulties  of  English  hexameters.  .  .  .  "^ 'he  shorter  poems 
have  generally  a  power  of  stamping  themselves  upon  t_ie  memory,  due, 
no  doubt,  to  their  straiyhtforward,  nervous  style.  They  have  the  cardinal 
merit  of  vigour  which  nelongs  to  all  genuine  utterance  of  real  emotion. 
.  .  .  His  '  North-Easter  '  ...  as  ringing  and  vigorous  aa  could 
be  wished.  It  would  not  be  easy  to  find  a  better  war-cry  for  the  denoun- 
cer of  social  wrongs  than  the  ballad  of  'The  Poacher's  Widow.'  And, 
to  pass  over  the  two  songs  by  which  he  is  best  known,  such  poems  as 
'  Poor  Lorraine,' —  .  .  or  the  beautiful  lines  in  the  '  Saint's  Tragedy,' 
beginning  'Oh,  that  we  two  were  Maying!',  are  intense  enough  in  their 
utterance  to  make  us  wonder  why  he  fell  short  of  the  highest  class  of 
aong- writing." — Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  iii,  44  f. 


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IV.    John  Ruskin. 

"I  win  strive  to  raise  my  own  body  and  soul  dally  into  higher  power* 
of  duty  and  happlntss;  not  in  rivalshlp  or  contention  with  others,  but  for 
the  help,  delight,  himour  of  others,  and  for  the  Joy  and  peace  of  my  own 
life." 

"The  faith  of  man  la  not  Intended  to  give  him  repose,  but  to  enable 
one  to  do  his  work  .  .  that  he  should  Icok  stoutly  into  this  world.  In 
faith  that  If  ho  does  his  work  thoroughly  here,  some  good  to  others  or 
himself,  with  which  however  he  is  not  at  present  concerned,  will  come  of 
It  hereafter." 

—John  Ruskin. 

Biographical  Details.— John  Ruskin  waa  born  Fehruary  8, 1819, 
at  54,  Hunter  Street,  IBrnnswick  Square,  London,  only  child  of  John 
James  Ruskin,  an  educated  Scotcli  .vine-merchant  of  London,  and  Mar- 
garet Cox,  his  cousin.  Ruskin's  cliildhood  was  spent  partly  in  London, 
partly  in  Perth,  and  after  his  fourth  year  at  Heme  Hill,  in  a  so'athern 
suburb  of  London.  As  a  child  he  travelled  about  much  with  his  father; 
was  trained  in  his  Bible  and  good  literature  ;  precocious  in  his  applica- 
tion to  poetry,  mineralogy,  drawing.  Turner's  Rogers's  Italy,  given 
him  on  his  thirteenth  birthday,  marks  an  epoch  in  his  life.  His  tour  to  the 
Rhine  in  1835  was  one  of  many  tours  taken  in  the  company  of  his  parents, 
year  after  year,  both  in  England  and  abroad.  Private  school  and  tutors; 
was  matriculated  at  Oxford,  1836;  took  up  residence  in  Christ  College, 
January,  1837;  won  the  Newdigate  prize  for  English  verse,  1839;  took 
his  B.  A.  degree,  1842.  Indecision  as  to  his  career;  the  church  thought 
of.  Abuse  of  Turner  a  deciding  incideut.  Modern  Painters,  vol.  i,  writ- 
ten at  Heme  Hill  in  the  winter  of  1842.  The  following  year  the  family 
removed  to  163,  Denmark  Hill.  M.  A.,  Oxford,  1843.  In  1845  Ruskin 
went  alone  to  Italy  to  study  art,  returning  to  write  Modern  Painters,  ii, 
during  the  winter.  He  was  frequently  abroad  in  after  years.  Threatened 
for  a  time  with  consumption.  In  1 848  he  married,  chiefly  at  his  parents' 
desire,  the  Scotch  beauty,  Euphemia  Chalmers  Gray,  of  Perth,  for  whom 
in  1841  he  had  written  The  King  of  the  Golden  River.  Stones  of  Venice,  i, 
ISr-O.  Poems,  collected  ed.,  1850,  Intercourse  with  Carlyle,  Maurice, 
18f  1 ;  defence  of  the  Pre-Raphaelites.  Took  part  in  the  establishment 
of  1  he  Working  Men's  College,  London.  1854  he  was  divorced  from  his 
wifi?,  who  married  the  painter  Millais.  In  1857  he  lectured  on  the  Politi- 
cal Economy  of  Art  in  Manchester.  Modern  Painters,  v,  and  Unto  This 
Last,  1860.  Sesame  and  Lilies,  Manchester  lectures,  1864;  Crown  of 
WUd  Olive,  Bradford,  Camberwell,  Woolwich  lectures,   1864-65;  Mystery 

(19) 


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of  Life  {aee  Sesame  and  LilieH),  a  Dublin  lecture,  IRG*.  In  18G9  he  wa« 
inado  Slade  Prol'essor  of  Fine  Art,  (Jxl'ord,  re-elected  1873,  1870;  pub- 
lished many  series  of  lectures  on  art,  architecture,  niythoh)gy  in  conse- 
([ueuce.  See  ISIallock's  N(  ir  h'tpiililir.  In  1871  he  began  to  issue  monthly 
letters  to  workingnun  entitled  Forn  Clarigcra.  In  1871  he  was  elected 
Lord  Kectorof  St.  Andrew's.  The  St.  (Jeor^'e's  Company  (or  (iuild)  was 
mooted  the  same  y(>.ar.  In  1872  ho  seUled  permanently  at  his  Lake 
countiy  home  of  "  DrantwoDd  ",  Coniston.  Kuskin's  second  attachment, 
which  had  also  an  unhappy  ending,  belongs  to  the  years  l87'J-75.  In 
1875  the  St.  George's  Guild  ti)ok  form;  situation  near  ShefTield;  the 
museum  first  at  Walkley,  then  at  Meersbrook  Park;  Langdale  linen 
industry;  woollen  mill  at  Laxcy,  Isle  of  Man.  IJuskin  renews  his 
Christian  belief.  First  mental  attack,  1879.  Fir.st  liuskin  Society  estab- 
lished, Manchester.  Kesigned  the  Slade  prore.ssorship,  187!);  reappointed, 
1883;  resigned,  1834,  when  O.xford adopted  vivisection.  Oxford  D.  C.  L. , 
1893,  Tlie  later  years  of  Raskin's  life  at  "  Brantwood  "  have  been  years 
of  peaceful  retirement,  guarded  by  the  devotion  of  his  cousin  and  adopted 
daughter,  Mrs.  Severn,     *'Datur  horn  qnicti.'^ 

Mr.  Collingwood's  summary  is  etfective:  "  In  the  20's,  ho  is  the  versa- 
tile child",  in  the  30's,  the  wayward  young  genius;  in  the  4()'8,  the 
polemical  art-critic;  in  the  SO's,  the  dictator  of  taste;  in  the  (iO's,  the 
heretical  economist;  in  the  70's,  the  uuacademical  professor;  in  thePO's, 
'  the  Sage  of  Coniston.'  " 

The  authoritative  biographies  of  Ruskin  are  his  own  Piitterita  (incom- 
plete but  charming,  especially  in  the  picture  of  his  boyhood)  and  The 
Life  and  Work  of  John  Jiitsliii,  by  W.  G.  CoUingwood  (London;  Methuen 
and  Co.).  Shorter  sketchesare  as  follows:  John  littslcin:  a  Biographical  Out- 
line, by  W.  G.  Collingwood  (London:  Virtue  and  Co. ) ;  John  Ituskin:  Ilia 
Life  and  Teaching,  by  J.  Marshall  Mather,  3rd  ed.  (Loudon  and  New 
York :  Frederick  Warne).  The  pleasant  personal  sketch  by  Mrs.  Ritchie  in 
Harper^ s  Magazine,  March,  1890,  should  not  be  passed  over,  nor,  perhaps, 
A.  M.  Wakefield's  Ilraniwood,  Coniston,  in  3[n,  ray\i  Magazine,  November, 
1890,  and  the  interesting  illustrations  of  Ruskin  in  the  Art  Journal, 
xxxiii  (1881),  pp.  321,353;  xxxviii  (1880),  p.  4*5;  Magazine  of  Art,  xiv, 
pp.  73,  121;  McClurc's,  vol.  2,  315. 

Tlie  works  of  Ruskin  are  indicated  with  detail  in  the  Bibliography  of 
Rushin  (Shepherd),  5th  ed.  (1834-1881)  (London:  Elliot  Stock);  and  in 
th;;  elaborate  two  volumes,  .1  Complete  BihUography  of  John  Ruskin,  com- 
piled by  I.  J.  Wise  and  J.  P.  S;aart  (London,  1893).  His  authorized 
publisher  is  George  Alleu,  Sunnyside,  Orpington.  The  authorized 
American  reprints  are  published  by  Charles  E.  Jlerrilland  Co.,  New 
York.  It  is,  perhaps,  too  much  to  expect  of  human  nature  to  prefer  the 
fine  expensive  English  editions,  or  even  Merrill's  good  issues,  to  the 
cheap  American  reprints. 


31 


!       1 


LECTI'BE. 

I.  il>rmntive  InflucnecK.  Rnflkin's  boyhood  ns  revealcl  in  Pr/r/cnVn;  life 
nf  Heme  Hill  and  its  results — iudustry,  interest  in  j;ood  literuture,  evan- 
gclic'.l  Christianity.  Ruskin's  nature  gets  Boiue  elucidation  from 
heredity.  Scotch  ancestry,  father  a  well-to-do  wine-merchant  of  literary 
and  artistic  fcistes,  "an  entirely  honest  merchant";  mother  careful,  pre- 
cise, cvangelicjil,  narrow;  "she  established  my  soul  in  life."  Ruskin  as 
a  boy  learnt  the  lessons  of  Obedience,  Faith,  and  Pciice.  Scotch  mood 
aTul  temperament  in  Kuskin.  Early  interest  in  landscape  and  in  art. 
Turner's  engravings  of  Rogers's  Hal;/.  Oxford  life;  the  Newdigate  prize 
for  SdlKcttc  and  EIrphaiita. 

II.  TJic  Stnitintf  Point  of  Ruskin's MisKiou:  public  depreciation  of  Turner, 
the  "black  anger''  of  Ruskin — Mothrn,  Painters  (lirst  vol.  published 
in  his  21th  year,  the  last  in  his  4l8t),  a  treatise  on  the  principles  of 
art — chiefly  of  landscape  painting — and  the  application  of  those  princi- 
ples in  judging  the  relative  merits  of  old  and  modern  masters.  Criticism 
of  architecture  begun  in  Scrrn  Lamps  of  Architecture.  This  first  period 
a  "brilliant  but  immature  "  exposition  of  the  masters  and  principles 
of  art. 

III.  Jiunkin's  Art  Criticism  has  an  ethical  basis  both  in  Seven  Lmnjys  and 
Stones  of  Venice.  Hence  the  transition  from  a  criticism  of  art  to  a  criti- 
cism of  national  and  individual  life.  Change  in  his  religions  convictions; 
abandons  his  eiirly  evangelical  beliefs;  scene  m  the  Waldensian  chapel, 
Turin,  18r)8;  a  period  of  doubt  and  uncertainty  ensues;  Ruskin  becomes 
"a  Christian  Catholic  in  the  wide  and  eternal  sense."  Ruskin's  interest 
in  politic.il  economy — Political  Economy  of  Art,  Unto  Tfiis  Last:  urges  gov- 
ernment and  co-operation  against  anarchy  and  competition.  Ruskin  is  a 
disciple  of  Carlyle  in  his  opposition  to  the  tendencies  of  modern  life — 
Crown  of  Wild  Olive.  His  practical  scheme  in  the  St.  George's  Society 
or  Guild.     Its  present  condition.     Political  teachings  in  Fors  Clavigcra. 

IV.  Crilicism  of  Individual  Life.  Influence  of  Scott  and  Carlyle. 
Sesame  and  Lilies.  The  sacredness  of  life;  its  opportunities.  The 
mechanical  spirit  means  death  to  the  individual  and  to  social  life.  The 
need  of  furling,  sensation,  earnestness,  high  motive,  love;  the  love  of 
duty.  Ruskin's  gospel  of  work;  social  duty  of  the  individual;  reverence 
of  woman;  love  of  beauty  and  nature,  and  God.     Practical  idealism. 

V.  Buskin's  Confession  of  Failure,  in  the  Mystery  of  Life,  and  Its  Arts 
and  Privt(rit(f.  In  what  has  he  failed,  in  what  succeeded  ?  The  er  jra, 
exaggerations,  contradictions  in  his  work;  its  personal,  uncritical 
character.  Necessity  of  allowance  for  the  personal  factor.  He  is  poet, 
prophet,  revealer;  an  heroic  figure,  in  sincerity,  elevation,  disinterested- 
ness, self-sacrifice,  passion  for  beauty,  for  justice.  His  mission  that  of 
David  against  the  Philistia  of  art,  manufacture,    ecclesiaslioism,  gig- 


•  1  / 


I      I 


U: 


22 


!■      ■ 


u 


mnnity.  Kfleot  of  his  work  in  the  NtrengtheninK  of  the  social  ootiicieuoe. 
Priutionl  ed'et't  in  niusenmB,  nrt  BchoolH,  gnilds,  fatttories.  KuHkin  as 
intcrpretijr  of  literature  and  nature.  Impassioned  ethical  teacher.  His 
prose  stylo  matchless  in  fluency,  power,  harmony  of  lanRuaKe,  command 
of  illustration  and  example,  irony,  heauty;  especiully  is  he  muster  over 
the  deep  well-springs  of  patho.s. 

lUuslrntioM,  Tlio  illustrations  of  the  lecture  include  the  scentH  of 
Ruskin'H  boyhood,  Kerne  Ifill,  Denmark  Hill,  I'erth;  Oxford,  (Christ 
Church,  University  Galleries  and  Kuskin  Drawing  School,  Aluseum,  etc. ; 
dniwin>j.s  of  Turner  and  Kuskin;  "  Brantwood  "  and  surroundings;  por- 
traits of  lluskin  and  tho«o  n-^sociated  with  him. 

Criliml  nlti(liiit  of  Ku>^kin'B  work  are:  W.  G.  Collingwood,  Life  nnd 
Wo)k  of  Jiihii  liuitkin  (Loiulon:  ^lethucn  and  Co.,  '2  vols.) ;  J.  Marshall 
Mather,  Jaliii  JiuHkin:  ]Hk  Life  and  Taichintj,  (Loiulon  nhd  New  York: 
Frederick  Warn>',  3d  ed.).  An  important  volume  is  Sfitdicn  in  Jlnnkiti,  hy 
Ed.  T.  Cook  (Orpington:  George  Allen).  His  economic  work  isBpcciully 
treated  hy  J.  A.  Ilob.'ion,  John  Jiuikin,  Social  Jirfonncr  (London:  James 
Nisbet);  his  art  teaoliings  hy  William  White,  7'lic  Principhs  of  Art  (Orp- 
ington: George  Allen).  The  following  essays  are  valuable:  J.  M.  Robert- 
son, Modern  Tlumanints,  ch.  v  (London:  Swan  Ronnenschein).  Ruskin  as 
;in  art  critic  is  the  subject  of  an  unfavorable  article  in  the  Cmlury,  Jan- 
uary, 1888,  by  W.  J.  Stillman;  he  is  discussed  as  a  raa.ster  of  prose  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century  by  Frederic  Harrison,  38,  p.  561.  See  Poole^a 
Index  for  further  guidance. 

Studknt  Work. 

Eeadinffn.  Ruskin  can  be  approached  to  best  advantage  by  means  of 
his  **  Pntterita,  of  which  all  the  early  chapters  should  be  read  for  the  key 
they  afford  to  bis  mind  and  sympathies.  After  this  **  Soeame  and  Lilies 
should  be  studied  and  briefly  summarized;  it  contains  much  of  Ruskin  s 
best  teaching  in  education  and  ethics.  **  Unto  Thin  Last  should  be  simi- 
larly read  for  his  views  of  political  economy.  Of  his  writings  on  art  and 
architecture  the  ** Seven  Lamps  or  **  Modern  Painters,  v,  Pt.  vii,  "Of 
Cloud  Beauty,"  may  be  taken  as  illustrations. 

For  editions  see  above. 

Students  reading  for  the  University  Extension  examination  will  find 
the  questions  confined  to  tlie  above  plan  of  work. 

Essays  and  Studies.  The  working  out  of  some  line  of  thought  is  advis- 
able, if  possible  in  the  form  of  a  paper  for  the  lecturer,  from  among  the 
following:  (1)  Ruskin's  personal  character.  (2)  Biographic  sketches,  as 
Rnskin  at  ITerne  Hill  or  "  Brantwood  ".  (3)  J.  M.  W.  Turner  and  his 
vindication  by  Kuskin.  (4)  The  Guild  of  St.  George;  its  aims  and 
results.     (5)  Ruskin's  principles  of  art  (see  Laws  o/i^Vso/e).     (6)  Kuskin 


'  k    ' 


\    — .^.. 


28 


na  nn  M'onoiniHt.  (7)  Uuskln'H  viowson  IiooUh  iind  rctidiiiK  (.S'lwimc).  (fl) 
UiiMkin'H  viewH  oil  tlio  (<(lii('ation  and  pluco  of  woiiion  (chiclly  bam'd  on 
Lilifs).  (!))  Fiti-H  Cliiriijiro ;  its  nicnninj^,  duration,  object,  Htjle.  (10) 
Points  of  iijrrccnicnt  in  tlie  teaching  of  Carlylf  and  liuakin.  (11)  I'nskin's 
poetry.  (12)  Huskin's  proiw  style.  (Ill)  Kimkin  oa  a  preacher  of  the 
higiier  life. 

Critical  CoMyKNTs. 

Oencrtil  Impnsnion.  "Eh!  he'a  a  grand  chap,  is  Maiflther  Kooskin." 
— Cuniherland  inasants'  comment,  CoUingwood,  Liff,  ii,  227. 

"  Ont'  of  tlie  greatest  men  of  tho  age."— Tolstoi. 

Lidditiif  Trait.  "  If  I  may  record  the  impreasionsof  one  who  has  known 
Mr.  Ituskin  somewhat  intimately,  I  should  Nay  that  the  leacHng  truit  ii: 
liis  cliaracter  isu  pecidiar  love  of  justice,  of  poetical  justice,  the  tradi- 
tional e((uity  of  Ilaroun  al-Rascliid,  of  Trajan,  of  David.  Guskiu'a 
defence  of  Turner  against  the  journalists,  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  Brother- 
hood against  the  academicians,  of  Forbes  against  the  piiysioists,  of  uU 
unacknowledged  claims,  of  neglected  genius,  of  unrecognized  truth,  of 
unrcvereuced  faith — all  this  .springs  not  so  much  out  of  care  for  them,  but, 
down  at  the  heart  of  him,  from  a  vitiil  passion  for  justice,  in  which  com- 
monplace discretion,  worldly  wisdom,  and  all  makewhift  averages, 
reticences,  civilities,  animosities  of  ordinary  human  intercourse  are  swal- 
lowed up  in  the  outrush  of  a  geyser." — W.  G.  CoUingwood,  John  liuskin, 
p.  30. 

Art  Teaching.  "  Hia  art-criticism  is  radiovUy  and  irretrievably 
wrong." — W.  J.  Stillman,  Century,  January,  1888. 

"It  is  not  too  umch  to  sivy  that  he  like  Winckelmann  has  given  the 
mind  a  new  organ  for  the  appreciation  of  beauty." — Hosancjuet,  IliMory 
of  yEslhelies,  p.  448. 

As  Sorial  Reformer.  "  '  Honest  production,  jast  distribution,  wise  con- 
sumption ',  these  words  summarize  the  reforms  the  necessity  of  which  he 
strove  to  enforce.  .  .  .  To  clarify  the  vision,  elevate  the  aim,  and  so 
to  dignify  the  ends  of  conduct,  are  the  persistent  endeavours  of  John  Rus- 
kin's  teaching." — J.  A.  Hobson,  John  liuakin:  Social  Reformer,  p.  310, 
p.  320. 

Mesmge  to  the  Nation.  "We  have  seen  a  man  in  whom  the  highest 
gifts  of  refinement  and  of  genius  reside,  who  yet  has  not  grudged  to  give 
his  best  to  others;  who  has  made  it  his  main  effort — by  gifts,  by  teaching, 
by  sympathies — to  spread  among  the  artisans  of  villages  and  the  labourers 
of  our  English  fields  the  power  of  drawing  a  full  measure  of  instruction 
and  happiness  from  this  wonderful  world.  •  .  .  Among  a"  his  '«s- 
sons  .  .  .  none  can  have  sunk  deeper  than  the  last:  that  the  highest 
wisdom  and  the  highest  treasure  need  not  be  costly  or  exclusive;  that  the 
greatness  of  a  ration  must  be  measured,  not  alone  by  its  wealth  and 


I 


N 


II 


24 

apparent  power,  l»ut  by  tlie  degree  in  which  its  people  have  learned 
together,  in  the  great  world  of  books,  of  art,  and  of  nature,  pure  and  en- 
nobling joys." — Prince  Leopold,  Speech  in  behalf  of  the  London  Society 
for  the  Extension  of  University  Teaching,  February  19,  1879. 

As  a  Master  of  Stijlc.  "  Fie  etanda  forth  now,  alone  and  inimitable,  as 
a  supreme  master  of  our  English  tongue.  .  ,  .  Every  other  faculty  of 
a  great  master  of  speech,  except  reserve,  husbanding  of  resources,  and 
patience,  he  possesses  in  measure  most  abundant— lucidity,  purity, 
brilliance,  elasticity,  wit,  fire,  piission,  imagination,  majesty,  with  a 
mastery  over  all  the  melody  of  cadence  that  has  no  rival  in  the  whole 
range  of  English  literature."— Fredeiic  Harrison,  XIX.  Century, 
vol.  38  (1895). 


m 


•ill 


\i  I 


V.  Matthew  Arnold. 


ill 


■> 


i 


"  O  world,  as  God  has  made  It !    All  Is  beauty 
And  knowing  this  is  love,  and  love  is  duty." 

"J3tlll  nursing  the  unconquerable  hope, 
Stlil  clutching  the  inviolable  shade." 

"  Souls  temper'd  'vith  firo. 
Fervent,  heroic,  and  good. 
Helpers  and  friends  of  mankind." 


—Matthew  Arnold. 

Biographical  Details. — Matthew  Arnold  was  born  December  2t, 
1822,  at  Laleham,  on  the  Thames,  Surrey.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Arnold,  then  curate  of  Laleham,  afterward  (1836-1842)  headmaster 
of  Rugby  School.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  Arnold  went  for  a  year  to  Win- 
chester, then  for  four  years  (1837-1841)  to  Kugby,  where  he  won  the 
school  prize  for  poetry  by  his  Alaric  at  Borne,  a  school  exhibition,  and  a 
scholarship  in  Balliol.  He  was  matriculated  November  28, 1840,  enter- 
ing Balliol  College.  In  Oxford  he  won  the  Newdigate  prize  for  poetry  by 
Cromwell,  1840,  took  his  B.  A.  (second  class  in  the  Classical  Schools)  1844, 
and  was  elected  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  1845.  He  did  not  remain  in 
Oxford,  much  as  he  loved  it ;  but  left  to  teach  in  Rugby  School.  After  a 
few  months  be  became,  in  1847,  private  secretary  to  Lord  Lansdowne, 
President  of  the  Council,  who  four  years  later  appointed  him  one  of  H.  M. 
lay  inspectors  of  schools,  an  oflBce  to  which  he  devoted  his  practicjtl  life 
until  bis  retirement  in  1886.  The  year  of  his  appointment  he  married 
Frances  Wightman.  His  life  as  inspector  was  as  nomadic  as  an  Exten- 
sion lecturer's,  for  his  duty  at  first  included  the  non-Anglican  primary 
schools  of  about  one-third  of  England.  Later  on  his  work  was  confined 
to  Westminster,  and  he  was  able  to  make  bis  home  at  Cobham  until  his 
death,  April  22,  1888.  In  addition  to  his  routine  oflScial  duties,  Arnold 
was  several  times  on  the  Continent  studying  and  reporting  on  education. 
In  1857-1867  he  lectured  as  professor  of  poetry  in  Oxford,  which 
honoured  one  of  its  greatest  sons  as  D.  C.  L.  in  1870.  In  1883  and  1886 
he  lectured  in  America.  Arnold's  published  works  as  an  education 
oflScer  are  :  A  French  Eton,  1864  ;  Schools  and  Universities  on  the  Continent, 
18G8  ;  Higher  ScJioolsand  Univa-sities  in  Germany,  1874  ;  Elementary  Edu- 
cation Abroad,  1888  ;  Reports  on  Elementary  Schools,  1889. 

His  literary  career  divides  itself  into  two  periods  :  the  first,  the  poetic 
one  (1849-1869),  marked  by  Tlie Strayed  Eeveller  and  Other  Poems,  1849  ; 
Empedocles  on  Etna  and  Other  Poems,  1852  ;  Poems,  a  new  edition  of  the 

(25) 


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I 
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§ii 


26 


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preceding  with  changes,  1853;  Poems  (2(1  series),  1855;  Xcio  Poems, 
18G7;  Poems,  collected  edition  1869.  The  second,  the  prose  period,  may 
be  dated  from  the  publication  of  On  Translating  Homer,  18G1.  It  divides 
itself  into  two  parts,  one  dealing  with  politics  and  religion,  treated  from 
the  point  of  view  of  culture,  and  embracing  Calturc  and  Anarchy,  18G9  ; 
St.  Paul  and  Protestant imn,  1870;  Friendship's  Garland,  Literature  and 
Dogma,  1873  ;  God  and  the  Bible,  1875;  Last  Essays  on  Church  and  Religion, 
1877 ;  L-ish  Essays,  1882 ;  Civilization  in  the  United  States,  1888.  The 
second  part  is  Arnold's  true  sphere — literary  criticism  :  Essays  in  Criti- 
cism, 1865;  3Hxcd  Essays  (in  part!,  1879  ;  Discourses  in  A7ncrica,  Essays 
in  Criticism,  2d  series,  1888. 

Biographical  material  of  Arnold's  life  is  very  scantj*.  His  Letters, 
edited  1)y  G.  W.  E.  Eusaell,  are  the  chief  source.  His  life  as  H.  M. 
inspector  of  schools  is  best  treated  by  Sir  Joshua  Fitch,  in  Thomas  and 
Matthew  Arnold  ("  Great  Educators ''  series).  The  best  general  treatment 
of  his  life  and  work  is  G.  Saintebury 's  Matthew  Arnol  i  (  "  Motlern  English 
Writers"  series),  (Blackwood).  Mrs.  Florence  Earle  Coates  gave  an 
admirable  appreciation  of  Arnold  in  the  Century,  vol.  47,  p.  937. 

A  most  excellent  Bibliography  is  that  of  T.  B.  Smart  ( London  :  Davy 
and  Sous). 

His  prose  works  are  all  published  by  Macmillan  in  an  edition  of  many 
volumes.  Tlie  ' '  Colonial ' '  edition  of  ** Essays  in  Criticism,  both  seriejs,  is 
the  cheapest  reprint.  His  **poems  are  in  a  one-volume  edition  (Mao- 
millan,  $1.75)  ;  selections  in  "Golden  Treasury  ''  series,  and  in  Stead's 
'  'Penny  Poets,''  Nos.  26  (which  contains  an  excelleutintroduction)  and  47. 

Lecture. 

I.  Formative  Influences.  The  character  and  powers  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Arnold  can  be  traced  in  his  greater  son  :  scholarship,  liberalism,  piety, 
earnestness,  social  helpfulness.  Classical  education  at  Rugby  and 
Oxford  ;  classical  literature  an  ever-present  factor  in  his  life.  The  spirit 
of  Oxford  and  of  the  neighbourhood,  of  Wordsworth  and  the  Lake  Country. 
French  blood  and  French  culture :  Senancour's  Obcrmann  and  Sainte-Beuve 
( "  one  of  my  chief  benefactors  ").  Popular  impressions  of  Arnold.  His 
essential  disposition:  "pre-eminently  a  good  man;  gentle,  generous, 
enduring,  laborious;  a  devoted  husband,  a  most  tender  father,  an  unfail- 
ing friend."    To  his  countrymen,  "  David,  theson  of  Goliath." 

II.  As  an  Officer  of  Public  Instnictioti.  A  painstaking  and  faithful 
worker  throughout  life.  His  view  of  education,  it  must  mean  culture  or 
be  naught.  Literature — especially  the  literature  of  the  Bible — good 
poetry — that  is  "formative  ''.  Schools  must  not  be  sectarian  or  class 
schools.  Good  secondary  schools  are  the  great  need  of  England.  Modern 
trend  of  education  in  England.     "  When  English  statesmen  rouse  tbem- 


se 
ol 
cl 
a 


27 

,  „„rt  wen-ordered  system 

had  formed  oltbe  en  ^^    Hisprevailiug 

tion"  (Fitc^)-  ,    aoriticiamo^l^'®-  .o„i8the 

"  T>  „j      "Poetry    •     •     •  >,  .  npncie.  and  not  j^ji 

HI.  .18  Poet-     J"'    %^  niortal  things  '  ,  P^^^f;    .^  ^^^evered  from 

beloved  band    anu        ,,  nuiet  rivers,  and  the  sueu  Among 

taunted  Englisbla^vns  ,  ^^e  ^^^.^.^^^  ^^^.^^  ^^  ^',:r '  I  V^ave  less 
ArnoldhastheartiBUorcBerV;  ^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ,i,ouv  and 
English  poets  Gray  « the  ner^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  t:J  "t^^ oi  a'fnsion  of 

^^*^^'  ''irBrownTng.     •     •     •    ^  ^^^'^X  S  Xaa.e«  ll^-an. 
abundance  than  Brown ^S^^^^„    ^^^  ^^rk.   Tfte 

the  two  than  euu.       ,,    wiac  in  tone.  .     a  mold-   "The  shy, 

Scholar-Gypsy,  T/'F^f.  ^  ff  ^he  two  natures  ^^  .^^^^         brother 
TV    As  Critic  of  Literalxue.  ^^^^  ^^^pp^er  yo^n^e  ^ 

jLd  elder  t>rother  (the  poe^^  '     •  ^^^.essorship  ot  V^^^^^StJ^ 

tbe  immediate  cause  ot  ^^..^^^,,„,.    The  c  ^^  g^.^^^. 

,f  Celtic  Literature.     Tke  ^  Arnold,      the  t.  ^^^.^^ 

criticism  in  Tame  and  8am  ^^^^^^^^  ^"^.c  '  iM^tness-the 

Beuve."     OiA^'^'^T  «e   ontl    basis,  sympathy,   g^^^   ^ ^  ^^  ^^^ 

^"^^^^^  ^^i^t-tvHn  Uci.ed     The  canon  of  cut^- -  ^^  ,,^  ,,, 

cause)-te  of  Saint  ce      ^^^  ^^^.^  .^  ^^^^  ^^.^rid. 

that  has  been  thoug  itn^itatious.  . ^vmen-  ' '  Barbarians, 

critical  insight  •,  also  o!  h.  ^. ^^^  ^^  ,,,  coun^-  n '      ^^^^  ^^^^,^ 

V.  ^3  Crttic  ofJ^'f^J,,    His  ruission  was  es^^ntia^^  p^^.^.^. 

tbe  middle  c  a^-  J^^l^  ^.,,,  ,f  We  -f .  ^  If  J^  catue and  .1 ««-/;!/; 
tine  to  Arnold  8  eyes         ,^  ^      (,^c^^  and  LigM     ^"^     ,..,„„/;««.  Arnold's 

eulturetothePhi--^^^^^^^ 

hisattackonPhUstiasrej,  ^^^^^„^„„,  etc.     Kei„  ^^^^^^^^  ^^ 

,;a  media  of  religion  in  Wen  ^^^^^^,.^,e,  J^\f  ^^^^^  the  idea  is 


I 


....-!«t",'. 


.^' 


l!Ul 


m 


28 


I: 


but  his  usual  lucidity,  grace,  lightness,  humour  match  his  prose  witli  that 
of  his  master  Sainte-Beuve.  His  poetry  is  his  abiding  work— by  which 
he  is  second  iu  the  era  perhaps  only  to  Tennyson  and  Browning.  His 
poetic  temperament  is  the  key  to  his  beliefs  and  view  of  life. 

lUmimVmu.  The  illustrations  to  this  lecture  comprise  the  scenes  of 
Arnold's  life  at  Laleham,  the  valley  of  the  Thames,  Winchester,  Rugby, 
Oxford  and  its  neighbourhood,  Fox  Howe  and  the  Lake  Country,  Govern- 
ment cilices,  London,  together  with  portraits  of  Arnold  and  his  circle. 

Critical  Studies.  The  following  are  among  the  best  general  articles: 
Andrew  Lang,  Century  Magazine,  vol.  3  (1882);  E.  P.  Whipple,  North 
American  lUvicWy  vol.  138  (1884);  E.  Dowden,  Transcrijus  and  Studies;  F. 
W.  H.  Myers,  FortnigMly  Review,  vol.  43  (1888);  H.  D.  Trail,  Contemporary 
Eericw,  vol.  53  (1888);  A.  Birrell,  Scribney's  Magazine,  vol.  4  (1888); 
J.  Jacobs,  George  Eliot,  etc.;  A.  Galton,  Two  Essays  on  Slatthew  Arnold; 
J.  M.  K(i1)ertson,  Blodern  Humanists.  His  poetry  is  discussed  by  A.  C. 
Swinburne,  Fortnightly  Review,  vol.  2  (1867),  (reprinted  in  his  Essays  and 
Studies),  XI A'.  Century,  vol.  15  (1884)  ('•eprinted  in  il/( serf/a ;u'c.s);  Alfred 
Austin,  Poetry  of  the  Period;  H.  B.  Forman,  Our  Living  Poets;  R.  H. 
Hutton,  Literary  Essays;  H.  G.  Hewlett,  Contemporary  Review,  vol.  24 
(1874 ) ;  E.  C.  Stedman,  Victorian  Poeis;  G.  S.  Merriam,  Serihner's  Monthly, 
vol.  18  (1879);  H.  Walker,  Greater  Victorian  Poets;  W.  H.  Hudson, 
Studies  in  Literpretation.  For  a  detailed  list  of  criticisms  and  reviews  see 
Smart's  Bibliography  of  Matthew  Arnold,  1892.  For  articles  subsequent 
to  its  publication  see  Poole's  Index  of  Periodical  Literature. 


Student  Work. 

Eepresentative  readings  of  Arnold  are  (1)  of  his  poems,  TTie  Forxaken 
Merman,  The  Scholar-Gypsy ,  Tliyrsis,  Dover  Beach;  (2)  of  his  "apostolic" 
writings,  Sweetness  and  Light  (in  Culture  and  Anarchy),  Numbers  and  Liter- 
ature and  Science  {in  Discourses  in  America);  (3)  of  his  critical  writings, 
Wordsicorth  and  Shelley  (in  Essays  in  Criticism,  2d  series)  and  Emerson  (in 
Discourses  in  America). 

Candidates  for  the  University  Extension  examination  will  be  expected 
to  have  prepared  any  two  of  the  groups  above. 

Essays  and  Studies.  (1)  A  study  of  Thyrsis,  its  theme,  form,  treatment, 
and  relation  to  Arnold's  own  life.  (2)  Aspects  of  nature  in  Arnold's 
verse.  (.3)  Explain  Arnold's  judgment  of  his  poetry,  expressed  about 
1800:  "My  poems  represent,  on  the  whole,  the  main  movement  of  mind 
in  the  last  quarter  of  the  century."  (4)  Arnold's  British  Philistine:  an 
exposition  and  a  criticism.  (5)  The  claims  of  Poetry  as  a  means  of  cul- 
ture. (6)  Arnold's  criticisms  of  the  United  States  (cf.  Dickens's).  (7) 
Report  briefly  Equality  (in  Mixed  Essays). 


^) 


■is 


■ 


^ 


29 


Cbitical  Comments. 

His  Life.  "The  world  .  .  .  did  not  understand  his  serious  side — 
bard  work,  independence,  and  the  most  loving  and  careful  fulfillment  of 
all  the  duties  of  life." — Benjamin  Jowett,  Life,  ii.,  338. 

"  He  preserved  from  chance  control 
The  fortress  of  his  '8ta1)lisht  soul  ; 
In  all  things  sought  to  see  the  Whole ; 

Brooked  no  disguise; 
And  set  his  heart  upon  the  goal, 
Not  on  the  prize." 

— William  Watson,  Iti  Laleham  Churchyard. 

"The  future  historian  of  literature  who  seeks  a  key  to  the  moral  con- 
dition of  the  England  of  our  time,  to  its  Intellectual  unrest,  and  to  its 
spiritual  aims  and  tendencies,  will  find  it  here  [in  his  poems]."— Sir 
Joshua  Fitch,  Tlio.nas  and  Matthew  Arnold,  p.  261. 

.48  Pod.  "  He  has  a  power  of  vision  as  great  as  Tennyson's,  though 
its  magic  depends  less  on  the  rich  tints  of  association,  and  more  on  the 
liquid  colours  of  pure  natural  beauty;  a  power  of  criticism  and  selection 
as  fastidious  as  Gray's  with  infinitely  more  creative  genius;  a  power  of 
meditative  reflection  which,  though  it  never  mounts  xo  Wordsworth's 
higher  levels  of  genuine  rapture,  never  sinks  to  his  wastes  and  flats  of 
commonplace.  Arnold  is  a  great  elegiao  poet,  .  .  .  And  though  I 
cannotcall  him  a  dramatic  poet,  ...  he  shows  .  .  .  great  pre- 
cision in  the  delineation  of  character." — R.  H.  Ilntton,  Contemporary 
Revieiv,  vol.  49  {Essays  o?t  Some  of  the  Modern  Guides  of  Thour/hf,  p.  130). 

.4s  Critic.  In  introducing  the  methods  of  Sainte-Beuve  into  England, 
he  transferred  the  interest  in  criticism  from  the  books  to  the  man.  What 
he  did  in  criticism  was  to  introduce  the  causerie,  and  with  it  the  personal 
element.  .  .  .  The  critic  .  .  .  professes  to  give  no  more  than 
the  manner  in  which  a  new  work  strikes  his  individuality.  .  .  .  His 
criticism  of  books.  .  .  .  was  a  criticism  of  life,  and  here  his  work 
touched  the  deepest  problems  of  his  time." — J.  Jacobs,  George  Eliot, 
etc.,  p.  80. 


I 


-.=p»»rr  .^^*:*^.^  ' 


* 
% 

\ 


VI.    Rudyard  Kipling. 

"  The  depth  and  dream  of  my  desire, 

The  bitter  paths  wherein  1  stray 
Thou  knowcst,  who  hast  made  the  Fire, 

Thou  knowest,  who  hast  made  the  Clay ! 

One  stone  the  more  swings  to  her  place 

In  that  dread  Temple  of  Thy  Worth- 
It  is  enough  that  through  Thy  grace 

I  saw  naught  common  ori  Thy  earth. 

Take  not  that  vision  from  my  ken; 

Oh  whatsoe'er  may  spoil  or  speed, 
Holp  me  to  need  no  aid  from  men 

That  I  may  help  such  men  as  need." 

—Rudyard  Kipling,  from  V Envoi  to  "  Lije's  Handicap." 

BioGRAPHiCAi.  Details. — Rudyard  Kipling  was  born  December  30, 
1865,  in  Bombay,  India,  son  of  John  Lockwood  Kipling,  architecturil 
sculptor,  Bombay  School  of  Art  (1865-1875),  principal  of  the  Mayo 
School  of  Art  and  curator  of  the  Central  Museum,  Lahore  (1875-1893). 
His  mother  was  one  of  three  daughters  of  the  Rev.  George  Browne 
Macdonakl,  her  sisters  marrying  Sir  Edward  Poynter  and  Sir  Edward 
Burne-Jones.  At  the  age  of  five  he  came  to  England,  first  to  Southsea, 
then  to  the  United  Services  College,  Westward  Ho!,  Devon.  His  literary 
career  began  at  school  as  editor  of  the  school  paper,  as  a  contributor  to  a 
local  newspaper,  and  as  author  of  a  book  of  verse  Schoolboy  Lyrics.  At 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  again  at  home  in  India,  as  sxibeditor  of  the 
Lahore  Civil  and  Military  Gazette.  At  eighteen  he  published  a  volume  of 
parodies,  Echoes.  In  the  Lahore  Gazette  and  in  the  Pioneer  of  Allahabad, 
of  which  he  was  special  correspondent,  Mr.  Kipling  first  printed  the 
poems  and  tales  issued  as  Departmental  DiltieK,  1886,  and  Plain  Tales  from 
the  Hills,  1888.  Before  this  he  had  joined  with  his  father,  mother,  and 
sister  in  Tlic  Quartette,  1885,  to  which  he  contributed  'Hie  Strange  Bide  of 
Morroicbie  Jukes.  His  star  really  rose  in  1889  by  the  publication  in  the 
"Indian  Railway  Library"  (in  paper  covers,  price  1  rupee,  A.  H. 
Wheeler,  Allahabad)  of  six  books  of  Indian  sketches:  (1)  Soldiers  TJiree. 
(2)  The  Story  of  the  Gadshys,  (3)  In  Black  and  While,  (A)  Under  the 
Deodars,  (5)  The  Phantom  EicksJiaw,  etc.,  (6)  Wee  Willie  Winkie,  etc. 
The  success  of  these  stories  gave  Mr.  Kipling  a  name  in  the  world. 
The  same  year  he  set  ofE  to  visit  China,  Japan,  America  and  published  his 
impressions  in  the  Detroit  Free  Press.  Arrived  in  England  he  published 
The  Eecord  of  Badalia  Herodsfoot.     In  1890  Letters  of  Marque,  The  City  of 

(30) 


»/l 


i? 


31 

x-t,    ,V'^  and  in  America,  Mn* 
..  .,iKo  14  'Indian  Railway  Library     .*^J^^^^^      ^.^  .,,,u 

^^''f^f     re  Published.     1- ^««^,  ^^^S;H«n«  ^PP^^t 
bonouranissum  ^^^^,  to  England  in  1891.  .^^^i^^^^^^ 

same  year.     He  J^  ^    ^1^^,  lister  of  ^.°^*'""  "".^^^a  tbe  world,  dnr- 

„arried  Carolyn  S*rrK  ^^^^^  ^  ^^^^  ^  y  rmmd  ^^^^^  ^^^ 

teurin  T/ie  ^ "«'"'*''"•        R^n.Js  vvas  issued,  Mr.  •^'PT%  „qo  .^turned 
Brattleboro',  Verm««*-  j'g^J  „  jjoofc;  ^n  1895  ^/J^,  .^ 

Boo^/m  1896,  ""'.;         ^ape  Colony ;  intbeautum  ^      bis  notes 

he  sailed  to  America.  ^^„„,  snssex.  .^  „^„  My 

-  June  to  f  g^^^,„*^y^:r^^^     KipU"g'«;i^«  rs  ;^«.  f/„,,,  ,,.  J-  J- 

'^t"t   ma.^  rvol-  3  (7."^.-,  r^-.'^'E^^tc^^^binson,  M.Clure^^, 
Fir»tBook,McUurc   ,  Windus);  E.  Ka,  ^n^«eni2)« 

Jerome,  London:  ff  *"  ^^    J.  Clarke),  i?.<"2/««*  ^'f'"^^  Co.,  1899.) 

vol.  7-,  a.  ^■^'^ff:^J^Ion.    (>-r    AmriatBo;uCo.). 

,.      tbe  conditions  ot 

government  or  -w  ..     onditions.  ^»«°'*.    ...  .  airala.    England s 

Lgrapbical,  -'^^  ^^f '^^'^l-Indian  domestic  We   Siml^^        ^^^uni^ 
'and  civil  governn.e-t.Ango  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^  Tb     PP   ^^^^ 

interest  in  tbe  East  T^«^j,  ,i,g,«birtb  ^-^^^iJ^,,  iu  kngland 
ealled  fortb  tbe  ^f .  ^J^^  Jin  part  i^^^^^f  ^i  J*^  Englisb  boy  life 
hnmonr.  PO^^^^^t^/of ''borne"  and  famUi^ity  Jitb _^^  ^^^ 

g^ve  an  nnderstandmg  o!  ^^^^^     ^i^i  ng  ^^"".^^^^.^aptism"  in 

Sd  Englisb  landscape.    ^^^^.Uysuneducated^^^^^^ 


82 


^ 


relation  to  life.  Second,  the  poveov  to  feel  deeply  the  joy,  the  passion, 
the  bitterness  of  life,  in  a  country  where  all  things  are  intennificd,  to  feel 
the  living  spirit  in  diverse  and  unexpected  forms  and  places — in  the 
native,  the  blackguard,  the  adventurer,  the  private  soldier,  the  Anglo- 
Indian  child,  the  governmert  clerk,  even  the  beasts  of  the  jungle.  Third, 
the  imagination  to  hold  together  the  material  offered  and  present  it  in 
new  and  interesting  forms.  Fourth,  a  power  of  expression,  cnrt,  pungent, 
direct,  forcible — and,  to  make  all  these  till,  untiring  industry  and,  in 
general,  a  bigh  ambition  to  do  his  work  in  the  sight  of  the  Master 
Workman.  The  faults  ot  his  qualities — a  certiiin  hanlneas,  glare,  a  touch  of 
coarseness,  cynicism. 

II.  Eemltants — a  fresh  vision,  a  fresh  method,  and,  perhaps,  a  new  era 
of  literature.  Mr.  Kipling  works  on  the  borderland  of  the  ruling  and  ad- 
ministrative classes,  in  abnormal  conditions,  and  the  ma-osed  millions  of 
"  raw  brown  naked  humanity  ".  Life  in  India  emphasizes  the  simpler, 
more  primitive  aspects,  motives,  and  actions  of  life.  Vices  and  virtues 
become  at  once  less  subtle  and  more  intense.  Strength,  coin.ij^e,  daring, 
endurance  are  exalted;  "  t''p=hiny  toy-s^'^m  stntf  people  call  civilization" 
is  despised;  the  conventions,  refinementi,  restraints  of  social  life  suffer. 
Woman  suffers,  as  well ,  with  the  relaxation  of  social  bonds.  Creeds  and 
systems  of  thought  are  of  no  account.  The  individual  man's  life  stands 
out,  in  its  primal  relations  to  work,  love,  and  duty,  against  the  back- 
ground of  "brown  humanity  ",  and  the  mysterious  jungle  or  far  off 
mountain  land.  Mr.  Kipling  views  the  facts  of  life  in  India  as  he  found 
them,  views  them  steadily,  relentlessly,  "drawing  the  Thing  as  he  sees  it 
for  the  God  of  things  as  they  are. " 

III.  What  his  visioti  and  method  have  given  us.  (i. )  Tlie  Native,  especially 
in  relation  to  the  British— "  Lispeth  ",  "Without  Benefit  of  Clergy", 
"On  the  City  Wall '',  "  Beyond  the  Pale  ",  "  The  Gate  of  the  Hundred 
Sorrows  ",  "The  Story  of  Muhammad  Din  ".  (ii.)  The  Jungle— the  two 
Jungle  Books,  (iii.)  The  Civil  Service — "  Thrown  Away  ",  "  Wressley  ot 
the  P'oreign  Office  ",  "  At  the  End  of  the  Passage  ".  (iv. )  Social  IJ  'i  in 
India— ' '  Three  and  an  Extra  ",  "At  the  Pit's  Jlouth  " ,  "  The  Story  ^i  the 
Gadsbys".  (v.)  The  Private  Soldier  in  India — Mulvaney,  Ortheris,  Lea- 
royd,  "The  Taking  of  Lnngtungpen",  "  The  Courting  of  DinauShadd", 
"With  the  Main  Guard",  "OuGreenhow  Hill",  "The  Big  Drunk 
Draf ' ",  "  The  Man  Who  Was  ",  "  Drums  of  Fore  and  Aft ".  Drinking, 
love-making,  fighting,  with  the  kernel  of  manhood  in  the  soldier  and  an 
undertone  of  pathos,  (vi.)  The  adventurer — "The  Man  Who  Would  be 
King".  Application  of  the  point  of  viewand  method  elsewhere:  The 
Light  That  Failed,  '  Captains  Courageous'.  A  new  vein  in  "William  the 
Conqueror  "  and  "  The  Brushwood  l?oy  ". 

IV.  Mr.  Kijjling's  verse  deals  largely  with  similar  material  and  in  a  similar 


I 


-\ 


•y 


8!^ 


spirit  and  method.  We  find  especially  the  glorification  o*"  Thomas  Atkins 
in  multiform  aspects — his  courage,  his  cowardice,  his  laconicgrim  humour ., 
— and  with  him  the  Indian  servant  and  Soudanese  warrior,  and,  later, 
the  British  sailor.  Tlie  style  is  apt  and  effective — "  trampling  ",  con- 
densed; strong  rhythm  as  of  the  bugle,  but  no  harmonies,  little  beauty, 
much  that  is  grotesque  and  incongruous.  A  strong  pert'onal  note 
throughout,  all  things  being  rendered  through  personality,  as  the  dere- 
lict ve»>el ,  the  decp-sca  cable,  the  lighthouse.  Also  a  patriotic  note, 
having  a  larger  theme  than  '"ittle  England" — the  imperial  note  here 
first  heard  in  English  poetry.  Of  still  wider  sweep  are  the  poems  which 
voice  the  spirit  of  the  East,  of  travel,  of  work  and  duty  and  devotion  to 
the  artist's  highest  aspirations  in  the  bight  of  the  Master.  Strenuons, 
high-thoughted  verse,  promising  greater  achievement. 

Limitations  of  work  thus  far:  in  knowledge  of  life,  in  drawing  of  char- 
acter, in  finish  and  expression.  With  Mr.  Kipling  literature  undergoes 
distinct  modifications,  and  in  some  respects  he  brings  the  Victorian  era 
to  a  close  and  offers  a  prospect  into  the  future. 

Tlie  JlluHtrationn,  The  slides  are  illustrations  of  Indian  life  and  scenes  ; 
MSS.,  homes,  and  portraits  of  i\Ir.  Kipling. 

The  chief  essays  on  Mr.  Kipling's  work  are:  Francis  Adams,  "  Rndyard 
Kipling",  Fortnightly  Review,  vol.  56  (1891);  and  "Mr.  Rudyard  Kip- 
ling's Verse",  i6.,  vol.  60  (1893)  (both  admirable);  Edmund  Gosse, 
"Rudyard  Kipling",  The  Century,  vol.  20  (1891);  J.  M.  Barrie,  "Mr. 
Kipling's  Stories",  The  Contemporary  Eevieic,  vol.  59  (1891);  W.  H. 
Bishop,  "Mr.  Kipling's  Work,  So  Far",  Forum,  vol.  19  (1895);  M. 
Schuyler,  "  Rudyard  Kipling  a.s  a  Foet  ",  Forutn,  vol.  22  (18!)6);  W.  D. 
Howells,  McClurc's,  vol.  8  (1897);  C.  E.  Norton,  "The  Poetry  of  Rud- 
yard Kipling",  Atlantic  Monthly,  vol.  79  (1897). 

Student  Woek. 

1.  The  following  stories  are  representative:  {a)  "The  Big  Drunk 
Draf",  "The  Madness  of  Private  Ortheris",  "On  Greenhow  Hill", 
"With  the  Main  Guard",  "The  Taking  of  Lungtungpen",  "TheCourt- 
ing  of  Dinah  Shadd  ",  "  Drums  of  the  Fore  and  Aft " ;  (6)  "  Lispeth  ", 
"  Beyond  the  Pale",  "  Without  Benefit  of  Clergy  ",  "  On  the  City  Wall", 
"  At  the  Pit's  Mouth  ",  "The  Man  who  Would  be  King  ",  "  The  Gate  of 
the  Hundred  Sorrows"  ;  (o)  The  Brnshwood  Boy  ".  2.  The  first  ** Jungle 
Book.  'S.  Tlie  Light  that  Failed.  A.  ^'■Captains  Courageous^''.  5.  **  Barrack' 
Room  Ballads:  "  Danny  Deever '',  "  Tommy  ",  "  Fuzzy-Wnzzy  ",  "Gunga» 
Din",  "Mandalay",  "Gentlemen-Rankers",  " Ballad  of  East  and 
West ",  "  Ballad  of  the  Bolivar  ",  "  The  English  Flag",  "  L'Envoi  "  to 
Life's  Handicap.  Seven  Seas:  "The  Last  Chantey ",  "McAndrew's 
Hymn  ",  "  The  Native  Bom  ",  "  For  to  Admire  ",  "  L'Envoi". 


'   Sfewafisss^''  • 


ti: 


I 


.   H 


34 

Stndents  preparinj?  for  the  University  Extension  exiiniination  are 
required  to  take  1  and  any  one  of  2,  3,  4,  or  r>. 

Ennaya  and  SludifH.  1.  Native  life  in  India,  depicted  in  {«)  tlie  Tales, 
(ft)  the  Verse.  2.  The  Civil  Service  in  Mr.  Kipling's  stories.  3.  A  Study 
of  Terence  Mulvaney.  4.  Portrayals  of  women :  Mrs.  Hanksbee,  Maisie, 
"  William  the  Conqueror  ".  5.  Thomas  Atkins,  \r\  Bnrravk- Room  Ballads. 
6.  A  study  of  Tlie  Soiii)  of  the.  Englinh.  7.  The  vein  of  idealism  in  Mr. 
Kiplinfj's  verse.  8.  Mr.  Kiplinj^'s  command  of  the  picturesciue  epithet. 
9.  His  descriptive  power  as  to  («)  nature,  (ft)  city  life,  (c)  action. 

Critical  Commknts. 

Point  of  Vieip.  "  He  is  an  artist,  not  a  student;  and  his  eyes,  not  his 
books,  nmst  serve  him  for  windows  into  life." — Quartcrli/  Ilcvirw,  vol. 
175,  p.  146. 

Characteristics.  "  Smartness  and  superficiality,  jinjioism  and  aggressive 
cock-sureuess,  rococo  fictional  types  and  overloaded  pseudo-prose,  how 
much  too  much  have  these  h''  jed  to  miike  the  name  of  our  young  Anglo- 
Indian  story-teller  familiar  to  the  readers  of  the  English-speaking  race  all 
over  the  earth." — Francis  Adams,  Fortnightly  Review,  vol.  50,  p.  690. 

Style.     "  He  la  to  Mr.  Stevenson  as  phonetic  spelling  is  to  pure  Eng- 
lish.   .    .    .    His  style  is  the  perfection  of  what  is  called  journalese.    .    . 
His  chief  defect  is  ignorance  of  lite." — J.  M.  Barrie,  Contemporary  Review, 
vol.  59,  pp.  366  flf.  % \ 

"  No  one  can  claim  for  Mr.  Kipling  the  possession  of  a  real  prose  style, 
or  indeed  of  anything  approaching  to  it.  He  cannot  even,  at  lea.st  in 
this  respect,  for  a  moment  be  placed  beside  h\»  French  contemporaries 
rvnd  fellow-storytellers — Manpas.s:int  and  Bourget,  let  alone  the  great 
names  of  French  and  English  prose.  .  .  ,  Neither  has  he  that  sheer  and 
simple  sincerity  of  outlook,  that  patient  and  relentless  rejilism  which 
.  .  .  lifts  the  best  work  of  Zola  so  high.  .  .  .  He  has  the  gift,  both 
of  the  happy  simile  and  of  the  happy  phrase.  .  .  He  is  almost  as  keen  a 
connoisseur  of  scents  and  smells  as  M.  Ct uy  de  Maupassant.  .  .  .  Ad- 
mirable, indeed,  are  those  little  descriptive  cameos,  which  he  strews 
broadcast.'' — Francis  Aflams,  Fortnightly  Review,  vol.  56,  p.  698. 

His  Work.  ' '  He  has  revealed  to  us,  if  partially  and  askew,  still  with 
singular  power  and  vividness,  what  Anglo-India  meant — what  the  life  of 
the  Anglo-Indian  civil  servant  and  soldier  meant,  and  he  has  lifted  the 
short  story,  as  an  expression  of  thought  and  emotion,  a  whole  plane 
higher  than  he  found  it." — Francis  Adams,  Fortnightly  Review,  vol.  60, 
p.  596. 

As  Poet.     "  It  [verse  of  first  two  vols.]  is  mostly  tours  de  force,  excel-    ) 
lently  brilliant,  delightfully  clever,  '  monstrously  taking ',  but  it  does  not 
wear."  ->' 


p 


I    ! 


;?5 


..ho  wrote   'MandaUy  ..,„«..  and  it  is  th. 


p.  <"«•  nf  hiB  verse  i«  in^^eed  the  P»"'o»    '  ^ 

aU  parts  of  liervv  „^„therliood.    .    •    ■    ^^  ^  co.uprehen- 

«oUibUO.oud  ot  conm.  i,„^gi„atton  ^"^^^^^^^^  ^u  forms,  »«  » 

„ive,.  lu..-.  I..11  .»t»"f   °*    Kipling',  lo-glrnvto"  «■'>'*  "\l>»  »• 


..V 


J.'l 
I' 


PUBUOATIONS. 

The  Amprlcnii  Avloty  for  the  Kxti-iisinn  of  CiilvcrKlty  ToMrhiiiB  has  piihllshcd 
ovrr  i)iu>  liuiiilrol  itiid  Itlty  Nylliilii  In  roiiiurtiiiii  with  ItH  work.  1'h(-  MylluliiiN  kH'ck 
UNUiilly  a  lirlcl'  outlliiu  of  the  tliotiKliI  ■>(  tlic  li'i'liirc,  lUtN  of  lKM)kM  iiiii)  iiiioMtiniiM  for 
Ntii<I(!iitji,  iiiul  otluT  aidN  to  II  further  xtiidyof  the  Nubji'ct.  The  rollowiiiK  NvllHlii 
h»vo  been  li!mie<l  recciUly  : 

H— 1  Knoi.ani)  in  the  XVIII  CKNTtiRY  ( J714-17H9).  By  W.  HuiImu  Hhuw, 
M.  A.,  Kellow  of  HiilllolColloge,  OxfonI  ;  Stud'  Ucturer  in  HlnU)ry 
to  till' Aniurtcim  iinil  Oxford  Socit'tle!!.     I'rlt'i- .   .  3fi  ovntfl 

H— 2        KKrilK.SKNTATlVK     NATIONS     1  M.fHTllATKI)     IIY    TIIKtK    AR<IIITE(TCBK 

AND  DkcouaTIvk  Akts.  Hy  Wtlliuni  11.  (iixxlyciir,  M.  A.,  rrolVs- 
norlftl  I.fiHuror  in  Art,  fnlvi-rslty  of  ('liii'Hffo ;  Lccliirer  for  the 
New  York  Hoard  of  Kdiieatlon,  Teaelu-rK'  College,  Hr(M)klyn  In»tl- 
tute,  et('.    i'ricf ir>  pentw 

H— ;i  Engi.i.mii  Uo.mantk;  Tokts  ok  the  Rari.y  Ninktf.knth  Centi'ky. 
Hy  Krcdorlck  H.  SykcK,  M.  A..  I'h.  !»..  StnlT  Lecturer  In  EnKllKli 
Mterntiireof  the  Anierienn  Society  for  tlic  Kxtenslonof  ITnlverHlty 
ToaelilnK.     I'rlie lOeentn 

11— •  TiiK  (iuKATKii  Amkiiicak  Toeth.  By  Clyde  Furst,  Lecturer  in 
I-ltorature  for  the  American  So<'lcty  for  the  Kxtension  of  f'nl- 
versUy  TeachlnK,     I'rice 15  centK 

H— fi       TlIK   Kvll)ENrK.S  ANIi   Ka<Ti)H.S    «V    OKtiANIC    Kvoi.lTloN.     HyEdwHi 

(i.  (,'onklln,  I'll.  I).,  l'rol'e.sHor  of  i'omimratlvo  Embryology,  Uni- 
versity of  I'emisylvaniu.     I'rice lU  centx 

H— <>      Ko.MK  IN  TiiK  >ril)iil.l'.  .\iii:s.     By  W.  Hudson  Shaw,  M.  A.     I'rice  .   .  2fi  cents 

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of    I'olltk'al   Economy,  Northeast  Manual  Triiiniiit'  ^^chcK)!,  Phlla- 

dcliihia.    I'rice .10  centw 

11— U  Pbnn.syi.vama  IIisroi:v;  Hi  ildino  a  Commonwealth.  By  Chees- 
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Economy,  Ccntnil  I  iii;h  School,  Philadelphia.    Price 'H        •» 

H— 10    Books  and  HKAiHNii. 

IllSTOKV,  II.   .Moisc  SIl'I'lRll.s,  M.  A. 

BiodiniMiirs  AND  Mi:.M(>ii(H,  Mi.s.s  Agnes  Repplier. 
Socioi.odv,  KcoNoMKN  AND  PoLiTUH,  Arthur  T.  Hadley,  M.  A. 
Fiction,  Bran. lor  Matthews,  M.  A.,  LL.  B. 
Poktuy,  BU.'-Hl'erry,  M.  A. 

KS.SAVS  and  CiuTicis.M,  Ilainllton  W.  Mable.    Price 10  cents 

H— 11  The  Ijahok  Movement  in  Qritain  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
By  J.  K.  .Macdonald,  Member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Fabian  Society,  the  National  Administrative  Conncil  of  the  Labor 

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J— 1  The  Cities  of  Italy  and  Their  Cift  to  Civilization,  by  Edward 
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J— 2      English  Writeiw  uk  the  Present  Era.    By  Frederick  H.  Sykcs, 

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